Lost to the Perils of the Sea Essay Example For Students

Lost to the Perils of the Sea Essay 63505715 Wreck of an unknown three-mastedschooner. To many people, the Outer Banks are synonymous with shipwrecks. Indeed, one would have trouble finding a more representative or fascinating aspect of local history. Just as the sea has always been an integral part of life on these barrier islands, so too have been its many victims. A countless number of ill-fated vessels as well as many of the courageous seafarers who manned them have succumbed to the local perils of the sea.The Tiger, an English ship of Sir Richard Grenvilles expedition, was the first unfortunate vessel, wrecking here in June, 1585. The latest may be as recent as this mornings newspaper. Why have so many ships been lost, after the lethal dangers of the Graveyard of the Atlantic became widely known? Unfortunately, avoiding these navigational hazards is much more difficult than recognizing them. In days gone by, it was the wooden sailing ship carrying goods and passengers that kept the nations commerce afloat. To follow coastal trade routes, thousands of these vessels had to round not only North Carolinas barrier islands, which lie 30 miles off the mainland, but also the infamous Diamond Shoals, a treacherous, always-shifting series of shallow, underwater sandbars extending eight miles out from Cape Hatteras. While many believe that navigating Diamond Shoals is the only challenge, there are several other complicating factors. 6350642090First, there are two strong ocean currents that collide near Cape Hatteras. Flowing like massive rivers in the sea, the cold-water Labrador Current from the north and the warm Gulf Stream from the south converge just offshore from the cape. To take advantage of these currents, vessels must draw close to the Outer Banks. The remains of the Laura Barnes (wrecked 1921) on Coquina Beach, now mostly covered by the shifting sands. NPS Ordinarily, following this course would not lead to trouble but the storms common to the region can make it a dangerous practice. Devastating hurricanes and dreaded noreasters overwhelm ships with raging winds and heavy seas or drive them ashore to be battered apart by the pounding surf. Since the flat islands provide no natural landmarks, ships caught in storms often ran aground before spotting land and realizing their predicament. Combined, these natural elements form a navigational nightmare that is feared as much as any in the world. Pirates, the American Civil War, and German U-boat assaults have added to the heavy toll naturehasexacted. The grim total of vessels lost near Cape Hatteras is estimated at over 1,000. While hundreds of these dead ships now reside in the Graveyard of the Atlantic, their legacy lives on in many ways. Mariners stranded on the islands often chose to remain, establishing families and a heritage which continues to this day. Many island residents made a substantial part of their living salvaging cargoes and dozens of local buildings were built entirely or in part from shipwreck timbers. Due to the frequent storms and many other navigational hazards resulting in great loss of vessels, the U.S. Lighthouse Service, U.S. Lifesaving Service (1874-1915), and U.S. Coast Guard (since 1915) have kept a steady watch for almost 200 years. 635055245Map of the most commonly seen shipwrecks on the seashore. NPS Remains of Shipwrecks That Are Sometimes VisibleThough the vast majority of area wrecks have broken up and are lost to the sea forever, divers have access to a variety of sunken vessels offshore. Many shipwrecks also lie buried beneath the beach and can be uncovered by storms. After a brief period, they are again concealed when beach sands rebuild. At one time, a large number of shipwrecks were visible and recognizable along the seashore. Today, due to time, storms, salvaging, and vandalism, this is no longer the case. Parts of the following wrecks may still sometimes be seen. Please remember not to disturb or remove any shipwreck remains. Laura Barnes TheLaura Barnesis representative of the many wooden sailing ships that were lost on the Outer Banks. The four-mastedschooner came ashore in dense fog on the night of June 1, 1921. The crew was rescued by Coast Guardsmen from nearbyBodieIsland Station. Her remains have since been relocated a mile south of their original location to Coquina Beach (across from theBodieIsland Lighthouse) for public viewing. Lois Joyce One of the Outer Banks most recent shipwrecks, theLois Joycewas a 100-foot commercial fishing trawler lost in 1981 while attempting to enter Oregon Inlet during a December storm. Though the crew was rescued by Coast Guard helicopter, the $1,000,000 vessel was a total loss. The wreck is located on the northern, ocean-side hook at the mouth of Oregon Inlet and is best viewed at low tide. It is accessible by four-wheel drive vehicles only. Oriental A Federal transport during the Civil War, the steamshipOrientalhas been grounded in her present position since 1862. Local rumor has it that some of the areas largest fish make their home in theOrientals rusty remains. You can see the exposed boiler and smokestack in the ocean surf off Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge, opposite the Self-Guided Nature Trail parking lot. Questions:What are the Outer Banks known for?What was the first?Why are there so many in this area? (2 main reasons)What happened to sailors on these ships?What 3 organizations have tried to keep the number of shipwrecks down?Where can adventurers find these shipwrecks?What causes visible shipwrecks to disappear?Summarize each of the famous shipwrecks described at the end. (30pts)Designers Set Sail, Turning to Wind to Help Power Cargo ShipsBy JOHN J. GEOGHEGANPublished: August 27, 2012 If the worlds shipping fleet were a country, it would be the worlds sixth leading emitter of greenhouse gases. To reduce those emissions and, not incidentally, to conserve expensive fossil fuels cargo ship designers are now turning to the oldest source of power there is: the wind. The new vessels, mainly still on drawing boards and in prototype, look nothing like the graceful schooners and galleons of centuries past. Last spring, for example, the University of Tokyo unveiled a model of its UT Wind Chal lenger at the Sea Japan trade show. It has nine masts, each 164 feet tall, with five rigid sails made of aluminum and fiber-reinforced plastic; the sails are hollow, designed to telescope into one another in rough weather or at anchor. Then there is the 328-foot, 3,000-ton cargo carrier being designed by B9 Shipping (pronounced benign), part of the B9 Energy Group in Northern Ireland. Its three masts rise 180 feet, as tall as a 14-story building. Powered by a combination of wind and a Rolls-Royce biogas engine, it is intended to operate with no fossil fuels. A model of the B9 ship was tested last month at the University of Southampton in England. The tests were promising, said Diane Gilpin, a founder-director of B9 Shipping. They validated the economic case for deploying a B9 ship on certain trading routes. The next step, she said, is to seek financing for a full-size ship to demonstrate the technology. It would cost $45 million and take three years to build. Several factors are dri ving efforts like these. Effective this month, ships in North American waters are required to burn low-sulfur oil, which costs 60 percent more than bunker fuel. The United Nations International Maritime Organization is also phasing in restrictions on greenhouse-gas emissions by commercial ships. Meanwhile, the price of bunker fuel, which accounts for most of a vessels operating cost, has been rising steeply 600 percent over the last 10 years. Wind, of course, is cost- and emission-free. But none of the designs under consideration would replace a ships engine, only supplement it. Nor is wind power practical for large vessels like container ships, which sail faster than 15 knots and need their deck space for cargo. But it is well suited for smaller, slower-moving ships, those in the 3,000-to-10,000-ton range which accounts for 10,000 vessels, one-fifth of the worlds total cargo ships, and are an essential link in the global supply chain. Still, wind-powered technology faces a steep de velopment curve before the industry will be ready to embrace it. There are a number of projects looking at the use of wind as a power source for shipping, said Craig Eason, technology editor at the shipping newspaper Lloyds List. Whether these projects will prove to be successful business ventures remains a question. Wind is one of a number of technological fixes under consideration to lower costs and emissions. They include replacing bunker fuel with liquid natural gas; streamlining hull designs; adding exhaust scrubbers; or just steaming more slowly. All of these ideas face economic obstacles. Shipowners dont necessarily pay for their ships fuel; the charterer does. So there is little incentive to make an energy-saving investment if the owner does not benefit financially. Moreover, most sectors of the shipping industry are losing money, so it is not an ideal time to introduce new technologies. The industry is quite conservative, said Roger Strevens, vice president for environment at the shipping company Wallenius Wilhelmsen Logistics. About wind power, he added, There are a mix of significant technical, operational and economic hurdles to overcome. Or as Richard Pemberton, a marine technology expert at Southampton, put it, The shipping industry will adopt whichever technology allows them to make a profit. One company that is well past the design stage is SkySails. Founded in 2001 in Hamburg, Germany, it has been selling automated towing kite systems for cargo ships for several years. Resembling a giant paraglider, SkySails 3,500-square-foot kite is launched from a ships bow, pulling it forward when the wind is right. The company says that depending on wind conditions, fuel consumption can be reduced 10 to 35 percent. SkySails has installed its giant kites on six ships, and Cargill, the worlds largest charterer of dry bulk carriers, has announced plans to install the latest SkySails technology this year on its ship the Aghia Maina. But wind technology for mod ern cargo ships goes back at least a quarter of a century. In 1986 Capt. D. C. Anderson of Earth Ship Limited fitted a 3,500-ton grain carrier called the Carib Alba with an auxiliary wind-propulsion system called Comsail. On a perfect day, he recalled, it saved an astonishing 35 percent of fuel. But after oil prices collapsed that year, the Carib Albas owner took a blowtorch to Captain Andersons sailing masts, leaving them on a pier in Houston and bringing a promising experiment to an abrupt conclusion after 363 days of testing. QUESTIONS (ANSWER IN COMPLETE SENTENCES OR WRITE THE QUESTIONS THEN THE ANSWER FOR FULL CREDIT! DO NOT COPY DIRECTLY FROM THE ARTICLE, THIS WILL RESULT IN HALF CREDIT!)What shocking fact does the article start with?What are cargo ship designers trying to do to combat this?What features are found on the prototype UT Wind Challenger?What is special about the engine of the B9 prototype? What did tests reveal?What factors are causing the shipping industry to loo k for alternative fuel and power sources?Why is wind power not practical for large vessels?Aside from wind, what other options are they looking into?What will ultimately be the deciding factor in what the shipping industry will turn to?What is SkySails? What do their systems resemble?What did Capt. Anderson try in 1986? What was the result?Slowing to a Whales Pace in SamoaBy SCOTT BAKERScott Baker, associate director of the Marine Mammal Institute at Oregon State University, writes from Samoa, where he studies the formation of local communities among dolphins and their genetic isolation from one another. Today was the last day of our surveys in Samoa. We have completed the circumnavigation of both islands, Upolu and Savaii, covering more than 600 nautical miles, and have encountered short-finned pilot whales, spinner dolphins, rough-toothed dolphins, bottlenose dolphins and beaked whales. The strong trade winds we have experienced over the last few days are a reminder that it is winter in Samoa, and with this comes the annual migration of humpback whales. Although it is still early in the winter breeding season, humpbacks are our most common sighting along the south coast of Upolu. The Samoan islands are part of a vast winter breeding grounds of humpback whales in the South Pacific, including New Caledonia, Tonga, the Cook Islands and the Society Islands of French Polynesia. These whales feed during the austral summer months in the Southern Ocean near the Antarctic and migrate thousands of miles to the warm waters of the tropics to mate and give birth. Essay on Poverty And Its Effects On America EssayThere might be overlapping legitimate claims which all have scientific backing, Holm said. This years Danish expedition is the third in a series of voyages that began in 2007 to gather data to support a claim to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS), which assesses the scientific validity of such claims. Denmark has identified five potential claim areas off Greenland and the Faroe Islands both parts of the Kingdom of Denmark and has already submitted claims for areas north and south of the Faroes and for two areas south of Greenland. The fifth area, probably the most sensitive part of any future claim, is roughly 150,000 square kilometers (58,000 sq miles) extending north from Greenland and encompassing the North Pole. Despite a record thaw of sea ice in the Arctic, the expedition vessel has had to break through thick ice to gather seismic and sea depth data. In patches measurements were simply impossible and cancelled Equipment has been damaged by the ice so it has not been a piece of cake, said Martin Breum, a journalist and author travelling with the mission. Once claims are submitted, it is likely to take years or even decades for the CLCS to issue a report, and only after that could negotiations between states begin, Holm said. The Oden left the pole on Thursday afternoon. We are now struggling through heavy ice towards Siberia, Breum said. QUESTIONS (ANSWER IN COMPLETE SENTENCES OR WRITE THE QUESTIONS THEN THE ANSWER FOR FULL CREDIT! DO NOT COPY DIRECTLY FROM THE ARTICLE, THIS WILL RESULT IN HALF CREDIT!)What could be under the land that Denmark wants to claim?Why is it only now being claimed?What about the land gives Denmark a good claim to it?How did Russia try to lay claim to the land? Why was it controversial?How do Denmark plan to deal with countries that have also made a claim?Where else are they trying to claim land?What caused researchers a problem as they neared the pole?How long do researchers say it could take for official claims to be recognized?In at least 2 sentences, discuss your opinion about the claims and who may have the best one and why. Sea Lions Feasting on Threatened Salmon Should conservationists stop the California sea lions from eating threatened Columbia River salmon? ByJessica MarshallandNature magazineFromNaturemagazineWhat do you do when a charismatic marine mammal is wreaking havoc by gorging on a threatened species that humans also find delicious? Thats the awkward problem faced by wildlife managers along the Columbia River in Washington and Oregon states, where sea lions have been congregating for the past decade to feast on salmon waiting to climb the fish ladders at the base of the Bonneville Dam on their spring voyage upriver to spawn. To protect the Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the river, some of which are listed as threatened populations, in 2008 the states of Washington and Oregon obtained permission from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in Silver Spring, Maryland, to kill California sea lions (which are normally protected) seen feeding repeatedly at the dam, after attempts to frighten the animals away proved ineffective. In response, the Humane Society of the United States, based in Washington DC, and others filed a lawsuit to stop the practice and their legal challenges have continued. A US district court in Portland, Oregon, is expected to hear full arguments for a final ruling in the next few weeks. In the meantime, more than 40 California sea lions have been killed and 11 transferred to aquaria and zoos. Survey data collected by the US Army Corps of Engineers during the years of the cull show that numbers of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) are decreasing at the dam, along with the amount of salmon they eat. The corps and others attribute this to the removal programme. Muscling inBut the cull may have been too successful. Last year, the larger Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus), which arrived in earnest at the dam in 2005 and have returned in greater numbers each year, outnumbered California sea lions for the first time and ate fully half of the predated salmon. Part of this switch toward the Steller sea lion abundance may be due in part to success of the removal programme, said Doug Hatch of the Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission in Portland, Oregon, speaking at a meeting of the American Fisheries Society in St Paul, Minnesota this week. The problem with this shift is that Steller sea lions are themselves listed as a threatened species, meaning that hazing disturbing them with, for example, rubber bullets is the only option for dealing with them. But the eastern stock of Steller sea lions, which includes those at Bonneville, is under review for delisting as threatened, so that protection may not last. Counting the damageA key issue is exactly how much the sea lions are affecting the salmon, particularly the species that are listed as threatened. This is a difficult question to answer. Accurate numbers are available from near the dam, where sea lions and the prey in their mouths can be counted directly, but the dam is 235 kilometres from the mouth of the Columbia River and sea lions are present patchily throughout this length. Hatchs best estimate is that sea lions take on average a little over 10% of the listed populations annually between the dam and the ocean. He and his colleagues are tagging sea lions to improve understanding of where the mammals go within the river and beyond. The Humane Society says that the cull focuses on the wrong problem sea lions instead of reducing the allowable fishing catch, improving habitat, and reducing losses from hydropower, which it maintains are greater threats to the fish. Archaeological records suggest that sea lions are recent arrivals in the Columbia River, but researchers are finding that the smorgasbord of oily fish is expanding more than their range. We have captured and handled the largest California sea lions anyone has ever touched, says Robin Brown, a marine mammal specialist at Oregon Fish and Wildlife in Corvallis. The biggest weighed 658 kilograms, compared to a typical weight for a male of 200-400 kilograms. This Columbia river salmon seems to fatten them up bigger and better than anything weve ever seen.QUESTIONS (ANSWER IN COMPLETE SENTENCES OR WRITE THE QUESTIONS THEN THE ANSWER FOR FULL CREDIT! DO NOT COPY DIRECTLY FROM THE ARTICLE, THIS WILL RESULT IN HALF CREDIT!)Why is there an issue with the sea lions eating the salmon?How have the states reacted to conserve the salmon? What did they try before?How did the human society react?What did the survey by the US Army Corps reveal?How might the cull have been too successful?Why is the cul l controversial?Why is it hard to directly count how many salmon are being eaten by the seals?In at least 3 sentences, discuss your opinion about this issue. Do you agree with the cull, or side with the human society? Do you feel more tests need to be done? In Virginia, Encroaching Seas Pit Parking against Preservation As federal managers adapt to rising sea levels, local officials fear changes to parking rules that could undermine local economies ByJennifer WeeksandDaily ClimateCHINCOTEAGUE NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE, Va. A sign at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service visitor center here states a simple motto: Where Wildlife Comes First. But many visitors never see the sign, or much wildlife. Cars stream past the center on hot summer days, headed for a mile-long public beach at the refuges southern end. The prime goals are sand, surf, and a parking spot close to the water. But sea-level rise threatens the refuges future as a beach destination. Its on Assateague Island, a barrier island off the coasts of Virginia and Maryland. The whole island is protected as a national seashore, but different parts have diverse missions. Most of the Virginia section is a wildlife refuge except for the beach, an enclave run by the National Park Service. The refuge draws up to 1.5 million visitors every year through the adjacent town of Chincoteague. In a survey conducted by the town last year, 80 percent of visitors rated going to the beach as their top priority. The beach is broad, clean, and unspoiled by development. Its also in one of the most-exposed zones of the island, and often floods during storms. When this happens, as it did during a 2009 noreaster and again in 2011 during Hurricane Irene, the adjacent parking lots are washed out and have to be rebuilt. Even though theyre surfaced with loose sand and shells, rebuilding is expensive up to $700,000 per episode. Managers have preserved the lots, big enough for 960 cars, by repeatedly moving them west, away from the ocean side of the island, after washouts. Zones that used to be parking areas in the 1990s are now underwater. The National Park Service has advised the Fish and Wildlife Service to move the recreation zone north to a more protected area. We understand that the town of Chincoteagues economic viability is linked to beach parking, said Trish Kicklighter, superintendent of Assateague Island National Seashore. But you need to let the dunes act natural and move back when they want to. The current area is not wide enough to maintain a parking lot and a swimming beach.Barrier islands are naturally unstable, constantly changing shape under the forces of waves and wind. When storms flood the east, or ocean, side of Assateague, they wash sand over to the west side of the island and build it up. But as sea levels rise, floods are becoming more frequent and severe. The Fish and Wildlife Service projects that by 2100 rising seas will flood large sections of the Chincoteague refuges coastal marshes.Fish and Wildlife is writing a new 15-year management plan for the refuge, igniting a battle over the fate of the beach. Instead of spending more money to maintain a vulnerable parking lot, the agency would move the beach north and build new parking, possibly supplemented by a shuttle from a new satellite lot on Chincoteague.Local officials oppose these ideas. Before 1962, when a bridge was built connecting the town of Chincoteague to Assateague Island, Chincoteague was a sleepy fishing community. Now the town is a tourist gateway, with seashore visitors pumping $TK million into the town annually, according to a Fish and Wildlife Service estimate. Local officials want the beach preserved at all costs.Chincoteague Mayor John Tarr and local business owners argue that moving the beach or shifting even partly to public transit will drive visitors to more convenient locations like Ocean City, Maryland to the north or Virginia Beach to the south. I feel we are being railroaded into less or no parking at the beach, and forced to ride a trolley system in the future, Tarr told a House Natural Resou rces subcommittee at a hearing last February.Instead they want federal agencies to add a new parking lot with 300 more spaces and bring in the Army Corps of Engineers to do beach restoration, such as pumping sand from offshore to rebuild the beach. Federal managers oppose engineering solutions because they conflict with laws and policies that called for letting natural shoreline processes occur without intervening.Chincoteagues beach-inside-a-refuge situation may be unique, but rising sea levels will affect all of the 167 national wildlife refuges that are located along U.S. coastlines. No one really knows what the solution is yet were still experimenting with strategies to make refuges more resilient, and its specific to each refuge, said Noah Matson, vice president for climate change and natural resource adaptation at Defenders of Wildlife. QUESTIONS (ANSWER IN COMPLETE SENTENCES OR WRITE THE QUESTIONS THEN THE ANSWER FOR FULL CREDIT! DO NOT COPY DIRECTLY FROM THE ARTICLE, THIS WILL RESULT IN HALF CREDIT!)What greets visitors at Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge? What is the main draw of this park?What is threatening the beach? Where is the beach located?What is causing the problems with the parking lot?What is one solution to the problem?Why are barrier islands unstable?Why do local officials oppose moving the park north?Why do local businesses oppose the move?What is their solution?In at least 2 sentences, discuss what you think is the best idea and why.

Missile Defense Program Essay Example For Students

Missile Defense Program Essay The Need for a National Missile Defense (NMD) Program in the United StatesSeveral hundred Soviet, nuclear tipped, ballistic missiles streak towards the United States without any form of opposition or challenge to their impeding destruction. The result of a situation like this would be no doubt disastrous, but it is a situation that could very well take place if the United States does not install a national ballistic missile defense program. An anti-ballistic missile (ABM) system is a precaution that the American government must pursue with all of its resources in order to protect and preserve our society as we know it. Really, what are the chances of another nation launching a ballistic missile attack on the U.S.? Well, an attack may be a lot more likely than most Americans ever even dare to think. In 1998 Iran tested an intermediate-range missile capable of carrying a nuclear warhead, and North Korea launched a three-stage rocket, Taepo Dong 1(Timmerman), capable of an attack on Ala ska, Hawaii, and possibly the west coast of the United States.(Richter) In 1998 Congress appointed a blue ribbon panel headed by former Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld to take a look at just how real the threat is of an adversary developing an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) capable of attacking the U.S. mainland.(Timmerman) In his conclusion Rumsfeld warned that, rogue countries could soon have missiles capable of reaching the U.S. mainland—without the United States’ even knowing it.(Richter) Rumsfeld also concluded that of the rogue nations, Iran was the furthest along with the capability of developing a missile that could reach U.S. targets in an arc extending northeast of a line from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to St. Paul Minnesota, in less than five years. Next in line was Iran’s long time friend, North Korea, who could develop missiles capable of attacking the western United States in an arc extending northwest from Phoenix, Arizona, to Mad ison, Wisconsin. This threat is increased when taken into account the extensive friendship of Iran and North Korea. A calculated and combined attack could easily place nuclear ICBMs all over most of the continental U.S.. Even when the Taepo Dong missile was tested on August 31, 1998 an Iranian delegation was flown to North Korea bringing with them an entire plane load of telemetry equipment to monitor the test. Shortly after the test the delegation returned to Iran with the full results of the test. The very test of the North Korean Taepo Dong missile just goes to show how very clueless the United States is as to the development of ICBMs by foreign countries. The CIA’s national intelligence officer for strategic and nuclear programs, Robert D. Walpole, admitted that nobody in the intelligence community expected North Korea to develop an ICBM capability so soon. Although the launch of the Taepo Dong 1 missile was expected for some time, its use as a space launch vehicle with a third stage was not. The existence of a third stage concerns us. We hadn’t anticipated it. Debris from the rocket’s third stage was found some 3,500 miles from the site of the launch, showing that North Korea has the ability to target Alaska and possibly America’s west coast, admitted Walpole. Clearly if you can put something into orbit, you get awfully close to ICBM capability.(Timmerman) During the Cold War the United States and Russia both rushed to stockpile as many nuclear m issiles as possible, thus prompting each other to build a missile defense system. The very first interceptor missiles were developed in the early days of the Cold War. In 1958, the Army developed a long-range interceptor missile with a nuclear warhead, the Nike-Zeus. Due to doubts about the missiles’ radar, and the frightening danger of a low-altitude detonation over the U.S., the project was shot down. Soon after in 1963 the Nike-X replaced the Nike-Zeus with a better radar, and a better short-rang interceptor called Sprint. The long-range Nike-Zeus became known as the Spartan. In 1966 the Russians began to build a massive ring of ABMs around their capitol city Moscow. After failed attempts at reaching an ABM agreement with Premier Leonid Brezhnev, President Lyndon Johnson responded by approving a Sentinel system to protect the U.S..

Why did the 1905 revolution Fail free essay sample

When looking at why the 1905 revolution failed, we must first consider the state of affairs leading up to the revolution. One key event in the state of affairs was the separation of the Social Democrats who became known as the Mensheviks and Bolsheviks in 1903. This was because some members of the what was to become the Bolsheviks, wanted to have a violent revolution, whereas the other members wanted to wait until the capitalist stage of the Marxist theory was complete as Russia was not ready for a proletarian revolution. This was the idea of the members who were to become the Mensheviks. However, whilst this was happening, another progressive feature of the state of affairs were in motion, the peasants were becoming radicalised, due to unhappiness, the land issue, and the fear of redemption payments. Looking at these two key features, we can see there is a clear link to a main factor as to why the revolution had failed. We will write a custom essay sample on Why did the 1905 revolution Fail? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There was no uniting idea, each party had its own visions of Russia ‘moving forward’ and each party only looked to achieve these visions. However, in contrast to this, there was one uniting idea between the parties that was shared, the need for Civil Liberties, and Representation for the people of Russia. This though was seen as a weakness by Sergie Witte, and therefore introduced the October Manifesto. The October Manifesto was introduced by Sergie Witte, who had been reinstated as of June 1905 by the Tsar, to reclaim the Army’s loyalty. This was done by all backpay that was owed , was paid in full to each soldier, and so this gave the Tsar the Armed Forces’ unwavering loyalty once more after the mutiny of the Potemkin by the naval force of Russia . Also in the October Manifesto, the loyalty of the people was gained again, as Civil Liberties were introduced, along with Free Speech and the promise of a Duma. Another key event for the failure of the revolution of 1905 was The Moscow Uprising, which was centered in Moscow’s Presnia district between December 7 and 17, 1905. This was the climax point of the Revolution of 1905. Thousands of proletariat workers joined in an armed insurrection against the Imperial Government for better socio-democratic conditions. The uprising ended in defeat for the Bolshevik revolutionaries and provoked a swift counter-revolution that lasted till 1907. The October Manifesto may have satisfied Russias liberals with a constitutional monarchy, and freedom of speech, rallies and unions, most left-wing revolutionaries saw it as a cynical move by the Nicholas II to isolate the bourgeoisie from the workers and peasants, whose own social and political demands were still unanswered. Lenin returned from Geneva to St Petersburg on November 8 (21st Gregorian calendar) after months of delaying. He immediately called for an armed uprising, not really caring whether it succeeded or not: Victory?! That for us is not the point at all We should not harbour any illusions, we are realists, and let no-one imagine that we have to win. For that we are still too weak. The point is not about victory but about giving the regime a shake and attracting the masses to the movement. That is the whole point. And to say that because we cannot win we should not stage an insurrection-that is simply the talk of cowards. † This links back to the factor of no uniting idea , as he tried to unite the people with the Bolsheviks, after Witte had split them off from the people with the October Manifesto. The attitudes and beliefs of the Tsar Nicholas II, also had an impact on how the revolution failed. This was because he already had a disgust for the Social Revolutionaries, who had previously killed his grandfather. This hatred for them, left Nicholas with the attitude that there would be no concessions of power of liberties, but was soon swayed by Sergie Witte to give SOME concessions.

Why MD PhD Essay Sample Forums Is Important

Why MD PhD Essay Sample Forums Is ImportantThere are many different ways to help students achieve their doctorate degree. While the traditional methods may be the most convenient, they can also be the most time consuming and difficult. Using online forums can make the time that it takes to pursue a PhD much more manageable.To help students become successful in their studies, many universities have large online communities to assist them. Students can find advice on what courses to take, tips on how to prepare for and take exams, and information on the best research strategies. They can also get advice on doing research for a thesis, getting funding, getting a job, and doing theses research.StudentDoctor.net is a community based on the University of Massachusetts campus. It is very easy to sign up for and use. You can even post comments and ask questions. Students can chat with other students, share ideas, and begin their research.Each specific program at the university has its own pr ofile, which students can review, comment on, and learn about. If you are already a member of StudentDoctor.net, you can be automatically added to the team at UMass Amherst that offers a course to help you do your PhD. This team will keep you updated on changes to the programs and policies of the program, which can be very helpful to you in your studies.As a student, it is recommended that you read about the different forums and blogs that are available to you. One of the easiest ways to do this is to use Google.Students who are interested in taking an online course can register with StudentDoctor.net. They can then follow the links that are provided in these forums. The links will lead to websites where you can access the journals that are available to you and find out what course you should take.Using the forums at StudentDoctor.net can go a long way towards making your life easier when it comes to studying for a PhD. This is especially true if you have an unusual schedule or want to know more about the specific requirements for your program.Because a Doctorate Degree will be an important step in establishing a successful career, you want to make sure that you will be able to achieve your goals. Therefore, taking advantage of online forums like StudentDoctor.net can be one of the best ways to ensure that you can start a successful career as soon as possible.

Better Education †The Key to Opportunities

Better Education – The Key to Opportunities Free Online Research Papers Recently in the Northeastern United States, 100 young adults, ages 12 to 18 were asked, â€Å"If you were in charge, what would you change in your country?† Surprisingly, the top answer to this question is an aspect that needs to be addressed in all parts of the United States improvements in education. America’s growing economy is changing, and we must respond to these changes by helping more Americans gain the skills to find beneficial, rewarding jobs in our 21st century economy. The key to expanding opportunities is to provide everyone with a world-class education. To help the youngest Americans receive a quality education and learn the basic skills they need, we need to succeed in schooling and academics. Recent results from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) showed that scores for high school seniors have declined in both reading and mathematics. To show just how much that students’ educations are being jeopardized, the following shocking results were also reported. Due to lacking math and science education, young Americans stand to miss out on job opportunities, will lack the necessary skills for post-secondary study, or will not complete post-secondary study in a timely manner. Nationally, of one hundred 9th graders, only 67 will graduate from high school on time, only 38 will directly enter college, and only 18 will graduate from college. Finally, U.S. 12th graders performed amongst the lowest of the 21 countries assessed in both math and science on the Third International Mathematics and Science Study. Something must be done to prevent the continuous downfall of student academics so that American students can receive the education that is necessary to succeed in the world. Due to declines in reading, a plan should be implemented to provide a program that would give grants to develop, apply, and evaluate effective reading interventions for students reading significantly below grade level. A program of this type would complement the Reading First State Grants program, which provides comprehensive reading instruction for children in kindergarten through 3rd grade. A program of this type would provide funds to school districts for reading intervention programs to help students catch up to their peers in reading and literature. Mathematics scores of students in the United States are also dropping. Students would greatly benefit if an increase in money were allowed for the Mathematics and Science Partnership program authorized in the No Child Left Behind Act. An increase in this program would support competitive grants for partnerships to increase student achievement in mathematics. The grants should support projects that have a potential to accelerate the mathematics achievement of all students, but especially low-achieving students. Professional development projects should also be provided for mathematics teachers that are strongly grounded in research to help them strengthen their skills. In August 2002, President Bush announced the State Scholars Initiative to encourage high school students to enroll in more rigorous high school courses. Twelve sates have already received assistance in developing and promoting strong courses of study, as well as providing special programs for students under the State Scholars Initiative. Most Americans strongly believe that more money should be invested in funding for the State Scholars program to make grants available nationwide. To ensure that students graduating from high school have the skills they need to succeed in post-secondary education or careers, high school seniors should be included in the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). Currently, states are required to participate in the NAEP in 4th and 8th grades in reading and math. Extending this requirement to 12th grade would enable educators to assess whether high schools, as well as elementary and middle schools, are meeting the needs of students. It would also help to identify weaknesses of students and to strengthen curriculum to ensure improvement in those areas. Programs such as No Child Left Behind that strengthen academic performance in all students have already been enforced in school districts all across America. Education is perceived as the key to eradicating poverty, ignorance, and unemployment, and young people from all social classes thought that providing a quality education to all children was important. If more United States citizens join together to strengthen the importance of providing better education, more children will gain tools to help them succeed, and in the long run will be rewarded with higher-paying jobs and valuable skills that will last a lifetime. Research Papers on Better Education - The Key to OpportunitiesStandardized TestingPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyHip-Hop is ArtInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesResearch Process Part OneThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationPETSTEL analysis of IndiaTwilight of the UAW19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into Asia

The Strengths and Weaknesses of the Educational System in Ghana Essay

The Strengths and Weaknesses of the Educational System in Ghana - Essay Example This project stresses that one of the main strengths of the educational system in Ghana is the government initiative. The government is supportive of the education in the country and has provided many schemes and programs that are supportive of education, both at the basic and advanced levels. Further, these programs have also been instrumental in encouraging students to study. For example, the government provides free education to children of school age. The government has also opened a lot of schools in the country so that education is accessible to students who may be located at far away places in the country. The government had enacted the Education Act in 1960, which sought to provide free education to students. This report makes a conclusion that the educational system in the country is benefited by the reform-oriented mentality of the educational planners in the country. This means that reforms to the educational systems have been implemented, which in turn has improved the qu ality of students in the country. For example, until recently, the educational system was mostly based on traditional systems of education, which had its own drawbacks. The reforms that were implemented in the nineties ensured that vocational and job-oriented courses were incorporated into the curriculum. This meant that more students were able to make a living from the training that they received at school and college. Reforming the content also helped in decreasing the number of drop-outs from schools.

Critical Reflections Paper Examining Social Justice and Equality Essay

Critical Reflections Paper Examining Social Justice and Equality - Essay Example This system punishes the poor by keeping them continually dependent on the system and not encouraging them to become independent. According to Hick (2002), "Income security programs are at the center of the welfare state in Canada. These programs do much more than protect the poor from destitution; income security programs are used by all sectors of society" (pp. 1-2). In Roman times, according to Myers-Lipton (2006), "with the increase in poverty in the early republic, elite society began to argue that outdoor relief was financially inefficient at best and inhumane at worst, since poor people were shuffled around from community to community" (pp. 35). Instead of shuffling the poor around, some suggestions include making the poor an integrated part of the community, giving them work through a WPA-style program that would focus on giving the homeless jobs. This would be one way of promoting a healthier and happier community. It is in this paradigm that one realizes that something must be done to arrive at a more socially just society. ... The homeless themselves feel powerless and as though they do not have choices in life. It is in this paradigm that one realizes that something must be done to arrive at a more socially just society. This includes taxing the rich at 90% as used to be the case, and requiring less from those who cannot afford to pay. Most welfare systems nowadays depend on the dependency of the person receiving welfare in order to keep afloat as a program. When welfare programs stop preying on people, there will be more just societies. Until that day of welfare reform comes to all nations, one whose focus is achieving social justice for all cannot rest. After all, how can the economically well-off person sleep at night knowing there are others out in the world who have nothing or next to nothing The simple fact is that they cannot. Once people realize their greed and heartlessness is causing them lack of sleep, they will realize they have to get out in the world and give back. Charities and other goodwill foundations need to capitalize on the fact that there are many guilty people out there. People who feel guilty about having more should feel badly about the fact that society is unjust to the poor and this should serve as a motivator to help urge people to give more to charitable programs. 3. What is the relationship between social justice, equality and human rights Social justice is the assurance that everyone in a society is receiving fair treatment. Equality is the assurance that everyone is being treated with the same measure of justice as everyone else. Human rights are those inalienable rights guaranteed to persons of governments that are based upon the British system. The relation between these three