The History of the Electric Telegraph and Telegraphy

The electric telegraph is a now outdated communication system that transmitted electric signals over wires from location to location and then translated into a message. The non-electric telegraph was invented by Claude Chappe in 1794. His system was visual and used semaphore, a flag-based alphabet, and depended on a line of sight for communication. The optical telegraph was later replaced by the electric telegraph, which is the focus of this article. In 1809, a crude telegraph was invented in Bavaria by Samuel Soemmering. He used 35 wires with gold electrodes in water.  At the receiving end,  the message was read 2,000 feet away  by the amount of gas produced by electrolysis. In 1828, the first telegraph in the USA was invented by Harrison Dyar, who sent electrical sparks through a chemically treated paper tape to burn dots and dashes. Electromagnet In 1825, British inventor William Sturgeon (1783-1850) introduced an invention that laid the foundation  for a large scale revolution in electronic communications: the electromagnet. Sturgeon demonstrated the power of the electromagnet by lifting nine pounds with a seven-ounce piece of iron wrapped with wires through which the current of a single cell battery was sent. However, the true power of the electromagnet comes from its role in the creation of countless inventions to come. The Emergence of Telegraph Systems   In 1830, an American named  Joseph Henry (1797-1878) demonstrated the potential of William Sturgeons electromagnet for long-distance communication by sending an electronic current over one mile of wire to activate an electromagnet, causing a bell to strike. In 1837, British physicists  William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone patented the Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph using the same principle of electromagnetism. However, it was Samuel Morse (1791-1872) who successfully exploited the electromagnet and bettered Henrys invention. Morse started by making sketches of a magnetized magnet based on Henrys work. Eventually, he invented a telegraph system that was a practical and commercial success. Samuel Morse While teaching arts and design at New York University in 1835, Morse proved that signals could be transmitted by wire. He used pulses of current to deflect an electromagnet, which moved a marker to produce written codes on a strip of paper. This  led to the invention of Morse Code. The following year, the device was modified to emboss the paper with dots and dashes. He gave a public demonstration in 1838, but it wasnt until five years later that Congress, reflecting public apathy, awarded him  $30,000 to construct an experimental telegraph line from Washington to Baltimore, a distance of 40 miles. Six years later, members of Congress witnessed the transmission of messages over part of the telegraph line. Before the line had reached Baltimore, the Whig party held its national convention there  and nominated Henry Clay  on  May 1, 1844. The news was hand-carried to Annapolis Junction, between Washington and Baltimore, where Morses partner Alfred Vail wired it to the capitol. This was the first news dispatched via an electric telegraph. What Hath God Wrought? The message  What hath God wrought? sent by Morse Code from the old Supreme Court chamber in the United States capitol to his partner in Baltimore officially opened the completed line on May 24, 1844. Morse allowed Annie Ellsworth, the young daughter of a friend, to choose the words of the message and she selected a verse from Numbers XXIII, 23: What hath God wrought? to be recorded onto paper tape. Morses early system produced a paper copy with raised dots and dashes, which were translated later by an operator. The Telegraph Spreads Samuel Morse and his associates obtained private funds to extend their line to Philadelphia and New York. Small telegraph companies, meanwhile began functioning in the East, South, and Midwest. Dispatching trains by telegraph started in 1851, the same year that Western Union began its business. Western Union built its first transcontinental telegraph line in 1861, mainly along railroad rights-of-way. In 1881, the Postal Telegraph System entered the field for economic reasons and later merged with Western Union in 1943. The original Morse telegraph printed code on tape. However, in the United States, the operation developed into a process in which messages were sent by key and received by ear. A trained Morse operator could transmit 40 to 50 words per minute. Automatic transmission, introduced in 1914, handled more than twice that number. In 1900, Canadian Fredrick Creed invented the Creed Telegraph System,  a way to convert Morse code to text. Multiplex Telegraph, Teleprinters, Other Advancements In 1913, Western Union developed multiplexing, which made it possible to transmit eight messages simultaneously over a single wire (four in each direction). Teleprinter machines came into use around  1925 and in 1936 Varioplex was introduced. This enabled a single wire to carry 72 transmissions at the same time (36 in each direction). Two years later, Western Union introduced the first of its automatic facsimile devices. In 1959, Western Union inaugurated TELEX, which enabled subscribers to the teleprinter service to dial each other directly. Telephone Rivals the Telegraph Until 1877, all rapid long-distance communication depended upon the telegraph. That year, a rival technology developed that would again change the face of communication:  the telephone. By 1879, patent litigation between Western Union and the infant telephone system  ended in an agreement that largely separated the two services. While Samuel Morse is best known as the inventor of the telegraph, he is also esteemed for his contributions to American portraiture. His painting is characterized by delicate technique and vigorous honesty and insight into the character of his subjects.

My Campus Interview Project Mark Conway Of The College...

For my campus interview project I interviewed Mark Conway of the College of Saint Benedict Literary Arts Institute. Mark has a long history with CSBSJU he father went to school at Saint Johns University. As Mark got older and was ready to go to college he followed in his dads footsteps and he to enrolled at Saint Johns University. Shortly after graduating from Saint Johns University Mark worked nine years at Minnesota Public Radio, which was founded in Collegeville Minnesota. Mark has been a CSBSJU employee for twenty-six years. He’s been at the Literary Arts Institute for eighteen years. As special fact about Mark is he actually founded and created the Literary Arts Institute. The more I talked to Mark the more I understood how passionate he is about the Literary Arts Institute along with CSBSJU. The purpose of the literary Arts Institute is to foster creative writing, publishing, and interaction between students and writers. Mark has been apart of the efforts to bring well-recognized authors and writers to our campuses. Along with writing reading is also promoted. The Literary Arts Institute has its own studio in this studio students can get introduced to the artistry of fine letterpress. At the end of our interview Mark took me down there and it is quite astonishing. The studio had a printing machine that was over a hundred years old. Being the creator and director of an organization is not a simple task. Mark does a variety of things within the Literary ArtsShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesSingapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services: Ashley Santora Acquisitions Editor: Brian Mickelson Editorial Project Manager: Sarah Holle Editorial Assistant: Ashlee Bradbury VP Director of Marketing: Patrice Lumumba Jones Senior Marketing Manager: Nikki Ayana Jones Senior Managing Editor: Judy Leale Production Project Manager: Becca Groves Senior Operations Supervisor: Arnold Vila Operations Specialist: Cathleen Petersen Senior Art Director: Janet Slowik Art

Joseph Andrew Free Essays

â€Å"Joseph Andrews† as a Picaresque Novel ________________________________________________ What is a picaresque novel? The term picaresque has been derived from the Spanish word picaro which means a rogue or a villain. Originally, a type of romance that dealt with rogues or villains was called picaresque. A picaresque novel presented , in an extravagant style, a series of adventures , and misadventures , mostly on the highways . We will write a custom essay sample on Joseph Andrew or any similar topic only for you Order Now The earliest examples of the picaresque novel are Lizaritle de Tormes and Guzman de Alfarachi. Fielding was considerably influenced by Gil Blass and Don Quixote. In fact there are marked resemblance between Joseph Andrews and Don Quixote. Parson Adam is clearly a Quixotic figure. The Picaresque element in the novel is introduced in Book 1 chapter 10 with Joseph setting out on his journey in the moonlight. From here onwards to the end of Book 111, it follows the picaresque tradition closely. Joseph soon gets robbed and is thrown into a ditch , stripped and half dead. The stage – coach episode provides Fielding with an opportunity to expose their hypocrisy and callousness of the respected people. Joseph and Parson Adams run into the picaresque journey that began with satirical exposure of the society assumes a partially humors tone. In a part of the book 1 and the middle two Books where the picaresque motif is followed, Fielding brings his major characters in contact with different strata of society- country squires, divines and philosophers , lawyers and surgeons , landladies , beggars and highway men- and exposes the contemporary social evils as well as human follies and foibles of a more general nature. Finally , the rambling or destructive narrative of Joseph Andrews also enforces the picaresque motif of the novel. Fielding employs here a very lose plot, for his purpose is the depiction of the society and the plot is not given much importance. How does Fielding as a satirist project his moral vision? / Discuss Joseph Andrews as a social document. Fielding is considered to be the pioneer of the realistic novel in England. Defoe’s novels, apparently grounded in reality , are romantic in spirit. In fact, Fielding based all his novels on actual experience. In â€Å"Joseph Andrews†, Fielding presents a very realistic picture of the life of the English countryside in the first half of the 18th century. The first thing that strikes us about the society is its extra- ordinary callousness, even downright cruelty. Most of the members are selfish, insensible and hard- hearted. The stage-coach episode where Joseph , half killed and stripped naked by robbers , is reluctantly rescued by the passengers in the stage coach, but receives no sympathy or comfort from any except the poor postilion, full brings out this callous temper. The surgeon refuses to leave his bed to attend Joseph just because he has no means of paying HIS FEE. Mrs. Tow-Wouse forbids her husband to lend him a shirt . Parson Trulliber can’t afford even 14 shillings to assist Parson Adams; on the contrary , he accuses him of being a vagabond. Lawyer Scout is of the opinion that there are far too many poor, and that we’ we ought to have an Act to hang or transport half of them. The novel also depicts the wide gulf that seems to separate the high people from the low people. The distinction between these two groups is quite rigid. Lady Booby refers to her country neighbors as brutes. She grossly insults Adams on his insistence on publishing the banns of marriage. These high class people show utter disregard of the rights and interests of the poor people. For example, Lady Booby is not concerned whether pr not servants get their wages in time. How to cite Joseph Andrew, Essay examples

Bacteria Essay Research Paper BacteriaBacteria are one free essay sample

Bacteria Essay, Research Paper Bacterias Bacterias are one celled beings that are found about everyplace. Bacteria live in dirt, air, H2O and nutrient. They besides live in and on workss and animate beings. Bacterias can be found on our organic structures in topographic points such as our olfactory organs, oral cavities and bowels. Most bacteria step from 0.3 to 2.0 micrometers in diameter. This means that bacteriums can merely be seen through a powerful microscope. Bacteriology is the survey of bacteriums. Some sorts of bacteriums are helpful. Other sorts of bacteriums can do serious disease. Bacteriologist survey harmful bacteriums to find how they cause disease so that vaccinums can be developed. Certain sorts of bacteriums are helpful to worlds. Bacteria aid in digestion in both worlds and certain animate beings such as cowss and Equus caballuss. Bacteria aid interrupt down nutrient and besides furnishes vitamins. Bacterias are of import in certain sorts of nutrients such as acetum and certain types of cheese and in sauerkraut. Bacteria can besides assist to break up dead beings and animate being wastes into chemical elements. Certain sorts of bacteriums are harmful to worlds, animate beings and workss. Some sorts of bacteriums can do diseases in human existences. These diseases include TB, typhoid febrility, meningitis, leprosy, cholera and certain types of Page 2 pneumonia. Bacteria can besides do diseases in animate beings such as splenic fever. Plant diseases caused by bacteriums are fire blight ( in pear and apple trees ) Citrus canker, tomato and murphy wilt. These harvest diseases can ensue in enormous fiscal losingss for husbandmans worldwide. Bacteria reproduction is mostly nonsexual. Most bacteria reproduction is by fission which is a procedure of cell division in which one bacteria splits into two new 1s. Fission may happen every 15 to 20 proceedingss under peculiarly favourable conditions of temperature, wet and nutrient supply. Within an estimated 24 hours, a cholera bacteria could bring forth an tremendous figure of offspring weighing more than 2,000 metric dozenss. This is merely theoretically possible because there would non be about adequate infinite and nutrient for this big figure of offspring. There are many parts of a bacterium cell. About all bacteriums have a protective bed called the cell wall. The cell wall besides gives the cell it s form and enables it to populate in a broad scope of environments. Another portion of the cell is the capsule. The capsule is a slimed bed outside the cell wall. The capsule protects the cell by doing the cell resistant to chemicals that can ache it. All bacteriums have a cell Page 3 membrane, an elastic, bag like construction merely inside the cell wall. Small molecules of nutrient enter the cell through pores in the membrane. Inside the membrane is cytoplasm, a soft gelatin like substance. The cytol contains many chemicals called enzymes, which help construct cell parts and interrupt down nutrient. Like all living things, bacteriums cells contain DNA ( deoxyribonucleic acid ) which controls the cells growing, reproduction and all other activities. The Deoxyribonucleic acid can be found in the karyon organic structure in all beings except blue- green algae. Deoxyribonucleic acid is besides in the karyon, a portion of the cell separated from the cytol by a membrane. There are four types of bacterium cells. Scientist normally divide bacteriums into four groups harmonizing to the form of the bacteriums. Round bacterium are called coccus. Rod shaped bacteriums are called B. The type of bacteriums that looks like set rods are called vibrios. Spirillum is the type of bacteriums that is shaped like a coiling. Two are more bacteriums can associate together and these combinations are described by utilizing different prefixes. Some of the prefixes are: diplo ( brace ) , staphylo ( bunch ) and strepto ( concatenation ) . An illustration of linked bacterium is streptococci which is circular bacteriums that are linked together. Page 4 Most bacterial diseases can be prevented by vaccinums. Vaccines are made in different ways depending on what sort of bacterium causes the disease. There are three chief types of vaccinums. One type is made from unrecorded bacteriums. The 2nd type is made from killed bacteriums. The 3rd type of vaccinum is made from inactivated toxicants produced by the bacteriums. Certain infective bacteriums become harmless after they h ave been grown for a piece in the research lab. When these harmless life bacteriums are injected into animate beings the animate beings become immune to the disease caused by the strain of bacteriums. In the United States, most vaccinums that are used to forestall TB contain life but harmless bacteriums. Killed bacteriums of certain strains can be used for vaccinums. Most Americans are vaccinated against whacking cough with bacteriums that has been killed with heat or chemicals. Certain bacterium cause serious diseases because they produce powerful toxins. Vaccines to forestall some of these diseases can be prepared by turning the bacterium in the Laboratory, insulating the toxins they produce, and demobilizing the toxins with heat or chemicals. Most Americans are vaccinated against diphtheria and lockjaw with vaccinums made of inactivated toxins. Some bacteriums can be controlled in ways other Page 5 than inoculations. Modern methods of handling sewerage, continuing nutrient, and sublimating H2O have reduced the spread of certain bacterial diseases. Bacteria has an interesting history. Simple signifiers of bacteriums were likely some of the first life things on Earth. Dodos of bacteriums have been found that are more than three billion old ages old. Some scientists believe that multi celled beings bit by bit developed from certain bacteriums. Anton new wave Leeuwenhoek was the first scientist to see bacteriums in 1676. He was a Dutch scientist. Back so, scientists believed that bacteriums came from nonliving things. Scientists believed this until Louis Pasteur showed that merely populating things can bring forth other populating things. Louis Pasteur made many of import finds in bacteriology. Scientists continue to do of import finds today. The following stage of this study will be a scientific discipline experiment utilizing bacteriums. Page 6 Science Fair Project on Bacteria Problem: Bacteria is everyplace in our school. What should we utilize to clean Lake Travis Middle School? Statement: Which is the best merchandise to utilize to clean our school? Hypothesis: I think Mr. Clean will be the best merchandise to clean our school. Materials: The stuffs used for this undertaking were: prepared petri dishes, toothpicks, Sn can, foil, Lysol, Mr. Clean and paper towels. Procedure: Put about 10 toothpicks in a can and cover it with aluminium foil. Put the can in the oven and bake it for one hr at 250 grades. This is to sterilise the toothpicks. Let the toothpicks and can to chill. Scrape the toothpick on normally touched surfaces in the school such as the bathroom door grip and the library door Page 7 grip. Then rub the toothpick on the prepared surface in the petri dish. I let the bacterium bunchs grow for two hebdomads. I so cut 10 half circles of paper towels the same size as the petri dish. I soaked five of the half circles in Lysol and five of the half circles in Mr. Clean. One half circle was placed in each petri dish. I so let the paper towel remain in the petri dish for two hebdomads. I would look into the paper towels to see if they needed to be re-moisten and I would re-moisten them if needed. At the terminal of the two hebdomad period, I so examined the petri dishes to see which merchandise killed the bacteriums the best. Consequence: Both of the merchandises killed the bacterium, nevertheless, Lysol appears to hold a greater consequence on killing the bacterium. Decision: In reading the list of ingredients on both the Lysol and Mr. Clean container, I found that Mr Clean contains Cleaning agents ( nonionized and anionic wetting agents ) Page 8 quality control agents, aroma, colorant and H2O. The Lysol label provinces that Lysol contains 2.70 % Alkyl 50 % C14, 40 % C12, 10 % C16 ) dimethyl benzyl ammonium chlorides, and 97.3 % Inert Ingredients. The followers is a treatment of the ingredients found in Lysol. When hydrochloric acid is added to ammonium hydrated oxide it produces a solution called ammonium chloride. Another name for benzine is benzol. Benzol is frequently used in detergents. The ingredient dimethyl in the Lysol is formed from methyl alcohol which is frequently used as a dissolver to fade out other substances. The ingredients in the Lysol seemed to be stronger in killing bacteriums than the ingredients in Mr. Clean.