Profile and History National Black Feminist Organization (NBFO)

Founded: May 1973, announced August 15, 1973 Ended Existence: 1976, a national organization; 1980, last local chapter. Key Founding Members: Florynce Kennedy, Eleanor Holmes Norton, Margaret Sloan, Faith Ringgold, Michele Wallace, Doris Wright. First (and only) president: Margaret Sloan Number of chapters at peak: about 10 Number of members at peak: more than 2000 From the 1973 Statement of Purpose: The distorted male-dominated media image of the Women’s Liberation Movement has clouded the vital and revolutionary importance of this movement to Third World women, especially black women.  The Movement has been characterized as the exclusive property of so-called white middle-class women and any black women seen involved in this movement have been seen as â€Å"selling out,† â€Å"dividing the race,† and an assortment of nonsensical epithets.  Black feminists resent these charges and have therefore established The National Black Feminist Organization, in order to address ourselves to the particular and specific needs of the larger, but almost cast-aside half of the black race in Amerikkka, the black woman. Focus The double burden of sexism and racism for black women, and in particular, to raise the visibility of black women in both the Womens Liberation Movement and the Black Liberation Movement. The initial Statement of Purpose also emphasized the need to counter negative images of black women.  The statement criticized those in the black community and the â€Å"white male Left† for excluding black women from leadership roles, calling for an inclusive Women’s Liberation Movement and Black Liberation Movement, and for visibility in the media of black women in such movements. In that statement, black nationalists were compared to white racists. Issues about the role of black lesbians were not raised in the statement of purpose but immediately came to the forefront in discussions.  It was a time, however, when there was considerable fear that taking on the issue of that third dimension of oppression might make organizing more difficult. The members, who came with many different political perspectives, differed considerably on strategy and even issues. Arguments over who would and would not be invited to speak involved both political and strategic differences, and also personal infighting. The organization was unable to transform the ideals into cooperative action, or organize effectively. Key Events Regional Conference, New York City, November 30 – December 2, 1973, at Cathedral of Saint John the Divine, attended by about 400 womenCombahee River Collective formed by the breakaway Boston NBFO chapter, with a self-defined revolutionary socialist agenda, including both economic and sexuality issues.

Role Of The Media During The Vietnam War - 2179 Words

Tan Oguz Instructor: Arjun Subrahmanyan HIST 386C 11 December 2014 Final Paper Role of the Media in the Vietnam War Vietnam War is a war that mainly differentiates from any other war in the history of the modern warfare due to the fact that the first time in history the media was able to act without restrictions and had the opportunity to film and record the war from the frontline of the combat zone. Besides the political and military decisions taken at the wartime, media had a impact on changing destiny of the war. In this essay, in order to show the impact of the media on the war, I will try to examine some of the key events of the Vietnam War, such as the Tet-Offensive, and My Lai Massacre. Were there any misconceptions presented by the media about the war? Was media responsible of the US loss in Vietnam? Is the power of media exaggerated at the time of the war? Throughout the essay, these questions will try to be answered in the contexts of specific events. Before the insertion of ground troops in Vietnam, much of the concern in the media had been favoured to the political tactics of reinforcing a non-communist (democratic) government in South Vietnam. After the war changed its direction to heavy ground batlle, a change in coverage also eventuated that the media were more concerned and interested in military conjuncture (Wyatt 1995). By becoming more interested in military aspects of the war, the media became more engaged in actual fight scenes and brutality of theShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Role of Media During the Vietnam War1903 Words   |  8 PagesDuring the Vietnam War, Americans were greatly influenced by the extensive media coverage of the war. Before the 1960’s and the intensification of the war, public news coverage of military action was constrained heavily by the government and was directed by Government policy. The Vietnam War uniquely altered the perception of war in the eyes of American citizens by bringing the war into their homes. The Vietnam War was the first U.S uncensored war resulting in the release of graphic images and unalteredRead MoreThe Effect of Mass Media on Americans during the Vietnam War Essay1114 Words   |  5 Pagesof Mass Media on Americans during the Vietnam War When the war initially began, Dean Rusk, US Secretary of State, pointed out that: This was the first struggle fought on television in everybodys living room every day... whether ordinary people can sustain a war effort under that kind of daily hammering is a very large question. The us administration, unlike most governments at war, made no official attempt to censure the reporting in the Vietnam war. Every Read MoreMedia Coverage On The Vietnam War1549 Words   |  7 PagesThe Vietnam War introduced many new forms of technology on and off of the battlefield. Increased weaponry helped shape the outcome of the war, but media coverage also played a large role in representing the news and opinions of the war. Viet Thanh Nguyen’s The Sympathizer helps illustrate how the media influences and spreads the opinions of the people during the Vietnam War. The war media, which includes newspapers, movies, and most importantly television, caters towards its audience. What the mediaRead More The Impact of the Media on the Vietnam War Essay1710 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact of the Media on the Vietnam War This essay will discuss to what degree the media can be blamed for the United States’ loss in the Vietnam conflict ending 1975. It will be based predominantly on key written resources on the subject, but it will also contain - by means of an interview - certain first-hand observations from a Vietnam War veteran. For the sake of conciseness, and in order to focus the bulk of the content on the main topic, this essay will make certain assumptionsRead MoreThe Media and the Military in the Vietnam War1593 Words   |  6 PagesThe media and Military The War in Vietnam was the first real â€Å"television† war, meaning it was the first conflict where the U.S. military found itself attempting to control a media which was not fully supportive of the country’s involvement. (79) It was also the first â€Å"open† conflict where the media was deployed in force without restriction. (79) The media saw a need to cater to those who opposed the war for the first time. The conflict was taking place in a remote area, and apart from conscriptionRead MoreMedia Coverage Of The Vietnam War1257 Words   |  6 Pagesin the traditional sense. They fight with audio and video, instead. (Rewrite Hook) This was live coverage of the Vietnam War, a long, bloody, unforgotten, and unappreciated war. Once these horrifying images were cast onto American screens, United States would find itself covered in ruins. Ruins that would cost years and years to rebuild. (Fix Transition) Media coverage of the Vietnam War ignited a new era of journalism and served as a driving force in the public’s perception of United States involvementRead MoreThe Problem With Vietnam Essays1660 Words   |  7 PagesThe Problem With Vietnam Wartime in the United States has always placed pressure on the government and the citizens of the country to provide support by whatever means to the situation. During World War II, that support was propagated by the government in the form of censorship and a strategic public relations plan to maintain the public opinion in favor of the cause. Glorification of Americas involvement in the war helped America maintain the image of a cause worth fighting for. TechnologyRead MoreU.s Propaganda On Vietnam War1355 Words   |  6 Pages U.S propaganda in Vietnam War In the need of human resources, the U.S government in the 3rd quarter of the 20th century has started mobilizing young men into navy and military troops. This mobilization was preceded with heavy amount of propaganda that used big variety of different motives to recruit as many people as possible and to stop the deserters that tried to flee to the country. The motives used in propaganda ranged from hateful to nationalistic. When thinking of power, most people thinkRead MoreThe Vietnam War And Its Horrors1130 Words   |  5 Pages The Vietnam War and its horrors came into the living rooms of people through from news reports through television. This war was the first war to issue full freedom to the press. There was a huge response to what people saw in a negative way. Many people thought the war should not have been televised. According to â€Å"U.S. at War: A History of Shame†, it was until 1965 that the Vietnam War became a big story on television. Journalism coverage of thi s war using television had a huge effect on the peopleRead MoreThe Battle Of The Vietnam War Essay1431 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscussion of the Vietnam War was never far from people’s minds. This war would serve as an introduction to what war was to the home front. It was in the homes of America where so many had been previously sheltered from the realities of war. During previous conflicts, there had been a military censorship on all media that pertained to war. This would not be the case in Vietnam, it would be completely uncensored. The ability for reporters to provide a commentary on the war without censorship

The Marriage Process in Turkish Culture - 1293 Words

The Marriage Process In Turkish Culture The United States is a country, founded on freedom, immersed with immigrants hoping to secure their independence and reconstruct their lives. The United States, unlike many other countries, is made up entirely of different cultures and ethnic groups. This country is home to many middle-eastern citizens, with a great majority of Turkish Americans. According to the Embassy of the United States, there are currently 500,000 Americans with â€Å"Turkic† descent (TMPFA). The existence of Turkish families in the country is a positive one as their talent, creativity and hard work strengthens our nation. The struggle of these people to adjust to American society can be demanding, but many Turkish people choose to carry on their family traditions. The aim of this paper is to analyze the partner selection, engagement process and wedding ceremonies of Turkish couples within the United States. The partner selection in Turkish culture customarily requires acceptance by both families, along with incorporation of traditional gender roles and courtship. Family acceptance of the unmarried couples is of high importance to Turkish culture. It is expected that a prospective single marry within their social class and religion. Marriage within the same social class is necessary because of the separation seen in Turkey. Turkey is very unlike the United States in the sense that there is a very large social gap between the rich and poor, with a very small middleShow MoreRelatedThe Dynamics Of Gender Formation1034 Words   |  5 PagesIzabela Litwin Kate Hamilton 76-101 02.23.2016 The Dynamics of Gender Formation Although some people believe that the sex role theory or the socialization model of gender as a process, in which we absorb instructions prescribed by the social institutions to act in the acceptable way to our biological sex, is a trivial issue, it is in fact crucial in terms of today’s concern over the gender formation. This significance is accurately noticed by Raewyn Connell, a renown sociologist who proclaimedRead MoreIran s Influence On The Middle East1567 Words   |  7 Pagesexperienced numerous changes in ruling forces whose influences can still be seen today. At one point, Persia was the greatest empire that the world had seen to date. Under Cyrus II, Persia extended the empire, overthrowing the Babylonians in the process. During this time, its borders were pushed into India and Asia and the country became increasingly wealthy due to conquered groups and lands. In 330 B.C., Alexander the Great conquered Iran and began to populate the lands with Greek citizens andRead MoreCritical Review of Sex, Smallpox and Seraglios: a Monument to Lady Montagu1149 Words   |  5 Pagesthe beauty of a woman was the most important thing. Following the explanation of women and their beauty, Frith discusses how Montagu left for Turkey to follow her husband who was the Ambassador to the Ottoman court. This is where Montagu saw the process of inoculation for the disease smallpox. This was a major advancement in the medical field because smallpox were seen as one of the worst and most dreaded diseases that one could get, because if it did not kill you it left your face disfigured fromRead MoreInterview with a Bilingual1929 Words   |  8 PagesINTRODUCTION This report presents an interview with a bilingual called H.D . H.D. is a daughter of a Turkish immigrant family who lived in Australia for 12 years .H.D. gives examples from her personal life about how she became bilingual background , the challenges of second language acquisition , benefits and the role of languages in her life. H.D was asked the following questions : (a) Could you please explain how you became bilingual? (b) Could you describe the bilingual environment youRead MoreCatherine The Great Of Russia1560 Words   |  7 Pagesreached a period of peace, unity, prosperity, and achievements. In the year 1762, Catherine was crowned Empress of Russia. Catherine’s motive of ruling Russia, was to make it a powerful union by spreading and expanding education, and making a national culture. Despite many failures such as not improving the lives of serfs, who were the majority of the Russian population and it has been said by many that she ruled through dishonesty and scandal, Catherine the Great was ultimately a successful leader ofRead MoreAnalysis of Moliere’s Would-Be Gentleman1688 Words   |  7 PagesIsmael Polanco Analysis of Moliere’s Would-Be Gentleman The idea of social status is one that assumes a pivotal role in Middle Age European culture. Social status was, in essence, a tool used by society to differentiate and label the population into their appropriate classes. Therefore, the elite would mingle with other members of their class, and the poor would associate themselves with other poor people. Social status had almost a sacred aura surrounding it. Obtainable only by rite of birth,Read MoreTurkish Reform Under Mustafa â€Å"Ataturk† Kemal: a Review on the Six Arrows of Kemalism3001 Words   |  13 PagesTurkish Reform Under Mustafa â€Å"Ataturk† Kemal: A Review on the Six Arrows of Kemalism In the aftermath of World War I, the once great Ottoman Empire was left in shambles. After having lost almost all of the empire’s territory to European mandates in 1918, what little they had left became occupied by Allied troops. In order to return the Turkish people to their former glory, the Turkish War for Independence was fought, resulting in the creation of a new government in Ankara. By 1923, this governmentRead MoreOthello, a Story of Rejection, Prejudice, Envy, and Revenge1287 Words   |  6 Pagesthe beautiful Desdemona and leaves Venice to command the Venetian armies against the Turks on the island of Cyprus. Othello is accompanied by his new wife and his lieutenant, Cassio. When they arrive, they find that the weather has destroyed the Turkish fleet. Iago, the evil antagonist, repeatedly tries to destroy Othello because he is upset Othello gave the position he wanted to achieve to another soldier. Iago finally succeeds when he is able to leave Desdemonas handke rchief on Cassio’s room convincingRead MorePerson Centered Case Conceptualization2395 Words   |  10 Pagesexperienced dysfunction when they are unable to experience themselves as the individual they perceive themselves to be. This is a person-centered case study for Melissa Reed who views her ideal self as a mother and wife. A woman who is now on her fifth marriage and has relational discord with her two daughters struggles with a sense of self-worth. The therapist will attempt to help Melissa progress through therapy at her own pace while working toward congruency between her real self and who she perceivesRead MoreMarketing Plan For The Hamoudis Restaurant2738 Words   |  11 Pagesthat can support a number of competing restaurants are being reached. In this case, it has been known that Roxburgh park and nearby suburbs are mostly middle eastern such as Iraqi and Lebanese, followed by minor populations of Africans, Indians, Turkish and other cultural backgrounds. The location is rather strategic as it is just a few minutes’ walk from Roxburgh park Railway Station and Roxburgh park Shopping Centre. There are parking lots around the area with no fees compared to parking lots in

Rosa Parks Civil Rights Movement - 1250 Words

Throughout United States history, there have been hundreds of influential people that have impacted many changes in the nation. Rosa Parks is one of many who have changed the lives of African Americans. Parks was an outstanding woman who stood up for what she believed in, and she never let anyone tell her different. Parks was a kind hearted, selfless person and for that she will always be remembered. Parks endured many hardships, not only during her childhood but also during her adult life, and gave rise to the civil rights movement through a boycott. Parks was born Rosa Louise McCauley on February 4, 1913, in Tuskegee, Alabama. Her parents, James and Leona McCauley, separated when she was just two years old. Rosa’s mother moved Rosa†¦show more content†¦Nixon for fourteen years. On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested and charged with violation of Chapter 6, Section 11, of the Montgomery City Code. After a long day working as a seamstress at a Montgomery department store, Parks boarded the Cleveland Avenue Bus for home. She entered through the front door, paid her fare, exited, and re-boarded through the back door to take her seat, as black passengers were supposed to do. Assigned seats were required to provide separate but equal accommodations for white and black passengers. This was accomplished with a line roughly in the middle of the bus separating the two. The bus drivers had the â€Å"powers of a police officer of the city while in actual charge of any bus for the purpose of carrying out the provisions † of the code (â€Å"Rosa Parks†, np). Rosa took her seat in the first of several rows designated for â€Å"colored† passengers. As the bus continued its route, it began to fill with white passengers. Eventually, the bus was full and the driver noticed that several white passengers were standing in the aisle. Her bus driver stopped the bus and moved the sign separating the two sections back one row, asking four black passengers to give up their seats. There were no specific rules stating that a bus driver could demand a passenger to give up a seat to anyone, regardless of color. However, many bus drivers had adopted this custom. They often asked blacked passengers to give upShow MoreRelatedRosa Parks And The Civil Rights Movement1082 Words   |  5 Pages African American, Rosa Parks was born in Tuskegee, Alabama on February 4th, 1913. Rosa was a civil rights activists and worked really hard to change the ways in Alabama. Rosa Parks was the start of a new beginning. She was the reason people had the courage to stand up for what they believed in. She also started the up rising of The Montgomery Bus Boycott and did a great change in the Civil Rights Movement. Rosa Parks’s childhood consisted of racial discrimination and activism for racial equalityRead More Rosa Parks and the Civil Rights Movement Essay1294 Words   |  6 Pages Rosa Parks, also called the â€Å"Mother of the Civil Rights Movement,† was given the NAACPs Spingarn Medal and the Martin Luther King, Jr. nonviolent-peace prize. Rosa Parks was also awarded the Eleanor Roosevelt Woman of Courage award in 1984. Rosa’s influence and impact on the society is one that can never be replaced. Rosa was not only the person who took that seat, but she has plenty o f respect because of her personality as a strong willed woman. Where did all this began? Rosa Louis McCauleyRead MoreCivil Rights Movement : Rosa Park s Protest1728 Words   |  7 PagesRosa Park’s protest proved to be the catalyst for the Civil rights Movement because her arrest issued ignited black community leaders to oppose the current laws. It had enormous effects on the issue of black racial inequality, which was prevalent in the country at the time. Rosa Parks’ singular act led to the Montgomery bus Boycott, which highlighted to the larger American community the everyday racism faced by African Americans. Inturn this led to a community push for the desegregation of the transportRead MoreThe Modern Civil Rights Movement Began When Rosa Parks,1190 Words   |  5 PagesThe modern civil rights movement began when Rosa Parks, an African-American woman, was arrested for refusing to move to the back of the bus in Montgomery, Alabama (â€Å"Civil Rights†). Fighting for racial justice and equality is not something new, as many have been striving tow ards equality for centuries. Rosa Park, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr, and Barack Obama are public figures who advocated or continue to advocate the ideology behind the civil rights movement. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. instilled theRead MoreEssay about The Main Component in the Civil Rights Movement, Rosa Parks1090 Words   |  5 Pageswho Rosa Parks is. The majority of these students will say that she refused to give up her seat up to a non colored man. These students really dont know how impactful her decision had on the United States of America. She was really the main component of the civil rights movement and that’s why she is known as the â€Å"mother of the civil rights movement†. She stood up for what she believed in, and in doing that she sparked and created the stepping stones to the civil rights movement era. Rosa ParksRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement : Martin Luther King, Jr. And Rosa Parks1546 Words   |  7 PagesThe Civil Rights Movement is often remembered in American history as an era of unity and struggle. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Rosa Parks are often the figures that get the most recognition from this period. However, there are many leaders from the Civil Rights Movement that get overlooked. Even MLK toward the end of his life is glossed over for the â€Å"version† that gave the famous â€Å"I have a dream† speech. In truth, there was a fair amount of division between the Black Power Movement and the IntegrationRead MoreRosa Parks : A Symbol Of The Nonviolent Protest Advocated By The Civil Rights Movement1393 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Barbara Hahn, â€Å"Rosa Parks became a symbol of the nonviolent protest advocated by the Civil Rights movement when she refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on a city bus in Montgomery, Alabama† (Hahn N.p). Before these actions of hers, African-Americans did not think about standing up for themselves and their rights. However, Rosa Parks encouraged blacks to help change the direction of racial relations in America as well. Before, African-Americans were considered inferiorRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement : Coretta Scott King, Jr., Malcom X, And Rosa Parks2182 Words   |  9 PagesWhen people think of leaders of the Civil Rights movement, they think of big names like Martin Luther King, Jr., Malcom X, and Rosa Parks. However, there were many people behind the scenes that had as big of an impact as these forerunners had. These are the transparent heroes; the underdogs. The ones that did so much for the cause yet were never truly recognized as being such a big influence. One of these unsung heroes of the Civil Rights movement is Coretta Scott King. After her husband, the greatRead MoreResearch Paper: Rosa Parks1126 Words   |  5 PagesThe Mother of the Civil Rights Movement Rosa Parks is one of the most famous people in the history of the American Civil Rights movement, for her refusal to â€Å"move to the back of the bus† on December 1, 1955. Although her moment of protest was not a planned event , it certainly proved to be a momentous one. The nature of Rosa Park’s protest, the response of the authorities of Montgomery, the tactics adopted by the civil rights leaders in Montgomery, and the role eventually played by Federal authorityRead MoreRosa Parks Essay945 Words   |  4 Pagesmany people and the way that they would continue to live. Rosa Parks exhibited one womans courage and strength to stand up for what she believed in. Mrs. Parkss decision to remain seated and go against the Believed way sparked the beginning of the American Civil Rights Movement. In this paper I will discuss Rosa Parkss background, her decision against standing up, and how she started the beginning of the American Civil Rights Movement. Racism had tainted her life from the very beginning

Lost to the Perils of the Sea Essay Example For Students

Lost to the Perils of the Sea Essay 63505715 Wreck of an unknown three-mastedschooner. To many people, the Outer Banks are synonymous with shipwrecks. Indeed, one would have trouble finding a more representative or fascinating aspect of local history. Just as the sea has always been an integral part of life on these barrier islands, so too have been its many victims. A countless number of ill-fated vessels as well as many of the courageous seafarers who manned them have succumbed to the local perils of the sea.The Tiger, an English ship of Sir Richard Grenvilles expedition, was the first unfortunate vessel, wrecking here in June, 1585. The latest may be as recent as this mornings newspaper. Why have so many ships been lost, after the lethal dangers of the Graveyard of the Atlantic became widely known? Unfortunately, avoiding these navigational hazards is much more difficult than recognizing them. In days gone by, it was the wooden sailing ship carrying goods and passengers that kept the nations commerce afloat. To follow coastal trade routes, thousands of these vessels had to round not only North Carolinas barrier islands, which lie 30 miles off the mainland, but also the infamous Diamond Shoals, a treacherous, always-shifting series of shallow, underwater sandbars extending eight miles out from Cape Hatteras. While many believe that navigating Diamond Shoals is the only challenge, there are several other complicating factors. 6350642090First, there are two strong ocean currents that collide near Cape Hatteras. Flowing like massive rivers in the sea, the cold-water Labrador Current from the north and the warm Gulf Stream from the south converge just offshore from the cape. To take advantage of these currents, vessels must draw close to the Outer Banks. The remains of the Laura Barnes (wrecked 1921) on Coquina Beach, now mostly covered by the shifting sands. NPS Ordinarily, following this course would not lead to trouble but the storms common to the region can make it a dangerous practice. Devastating hurricanes and dreaded noreasters overwhelm ships with raging winds and heavy seas or drive them ashore to be battered apart by the pounding surf. Since the flat islands provide no natural landmarks, ships caught in storms often ran aground before spotting land and realizing their predicament. Combined, these natural elements form a navigational nightmare that is feared as much as any in the world. Pirates, the American Civil War, and German U-boat assaults have added to the heavy toll naturehasexacted. The grim total of vessels lost near Cape Hatteras is estimated at over 1,000. While hundreds of these dead ships now reside in the Graveyard of the Atlantic, their legacy lives on in many ways. Mariners stranded on the islands often chose to remain, establishing families and a heritage which continues to this day. Many island residents made a substantial part of their living salvaging cargoes and dozens of local buildings were built entirely or in part from shipwreck timbers. Due to the frequent storms and many other navigational hazards resulting in great loss of vessels, the U.S. Lighthouse Service, U.S. Lifesaving Service (1874-1915), and U.S. Coast Guard (since 1915) have kept a steady watch for almost 200 years. 635055245Map of the most commonly seen shipwrecks on the seashore. NPS Remains of Shipwrecks That Are Sometimes VisibleThough the vast majority of area wrecks have broken up and are lost to the sea forever, divers have access to a variety of sunken vessels offshore. Many shipwrecks also lie buried beneath the beach and can be uncovered by storms. After a brief period, they are again concealed when beach sands rebuild. At one time, a large number of shipwrecks were visible and recognizable along the seashore. Today, due to time, storms, salvaging, and vandalism, this is no longer the case. Parts of the following wrecks may still sometimes be seen. Please remember not to disturb or remove any shipwreck remains. Laura Barnes TheLaura Barnesis representative of the many wooden sailing ships that were lost on the Outer Banks. The four-mastedschooner came ashore in dense fog on the night of June 1, 1921. The crew was rescued by Coast Guardsmen from nearbyBodieIsland Station. Her remains have since been relocated a mile south of their original location to Coquina Beach (across from theBodieIsland Lighthouse) for public viewing. Lois Joyce One of the Outer Banks most recent shipwrecks, theLois Joycewas a 100-foot commercial fishing trawler lost in 1981 while attempting to enter Oregon Inlet during a December storm. Though the crew was rescued by Coast Guard helicopter, the $1,000,000 vessel was a total loss. The wreck is located on the northern, ocean-side hook at the mouth of Oregon Inlet and is best viewed at low tide. It is accessible by four-wheel drive vehicles only. Oriental A Federal transport during the Civil War, the steamshipOrientalhas been grounded in her present position since 1862. Local rumor has it that some of the areas largest fish make their home in theOrientals rusty remains. You can see the exposed boiler and smokestack in the ocean surf off Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge, opposite the Self-Guided Nature Trail parking lot. Questions:What are the Outer Banks known for?What was the first?Why are there so many in this area? (2 main reasons)What happened to sailors on these ships?What 3 organizations have tried to keep the number of shipwrecks down?Where can adventurers find these shipwrecks?What causes visible shipwrecks to disappear?Summarize each of the famous shipwrecks described at the end. (30pts)Designers Set Sail, Turning to Wind to Help Power Cargo ShipsBy JOHN J. GEOGHEGANPublished: August 27, 2012 If the worlds shipping fleet were a country, it would be the worlds sixth leading emitter of greenhouse gases. To reduce those emissions and, not incidentally, to conserve expensive fossil fuels cargo ship designers are now turning to the oldest source of power there is: the wind. The new vessels, mainly still on drawing boards and in prototype, look nothing like the graceful schooners and galleons of centuries past. Last spring, for example, the University of Tokyo unveiled a model of its UT Wind Chal lenger at the Sea Japan trade show. It has nine masts, each 164 feet tall, with five rigid sails made of aluminum and fiber-reinforced plastic; the sails are hollow, designed to telescope into one another in rough weather or at anchor. Then there is the 328-foot, 3,000-ton cargo carrier being designed by B9 Shipping (pronounced benign), part of the B9 Energy Group in Northern Ireland. Its three masts rise 180 feet, as tall as a 14-story building. Powered by a combination of wind and a Rolls-Royce biogas engine, it is intended to operate with no fossil fuels. A model of the B9 ship was tested last month at the University of Southampton in England. The tests were promising, said Diane Gilpin, a founder-director of B9 Shipping. They validated the economic case for deploying a B9 ship on certain trading routes. The next step, she said, is to seek financing for a full-size ship to demonstrate the technology. It would cost $45 million and take three years to build. Several factors are dri ving efforts like these. Effective this month, ships in North American waters are required to burn low-sulfur oil, which costs 60 percent more than bunker fuel. The United Nations International Maritime Organization is also phasing in restrictions on greenhouse-gas emissions by commercial ships. Meanwhile, the price of bunker fuel, which accounts for most of a vessels operating cost, has been rising steeply 600 percent over the last 10 years. Wind, of course, is cost- and emission-free. But none of the designs under consideration would replace a ships engine, only supplement it. Nor is wind power practical for large vessels like container ships, which sail faster than 15 knots and need their deck space for cargo. But it is well suited for smaller, slower-moving ships, those in the 3,000-to-10,000-ton range which accounts for 10,000 vessels, one-fifth of the worlds total cargo ships, and are an essential link in the global supply chain. Still, wind-powered technology faces a steep de velopment curve before the industry will be ready to embrace it. There are a number of projects looking at the use of wind as a power source for shipping, said Craig Eason, technology editor at the shipping newspaper Lloyds List. Whether these projects will prove to be successful business ventures remains a question. Wind is one of a number of technological fixes under consideration to lower costs and emissions. They include replacing bunker fuel with liquid natural gas; streamlining hull designs; adding exhaust scrubbers; or just steaming more slowly. All of these ideas face economic obstacles. Shipowners dont necessarily pay for their ships fuel; the charterer does. So there is little incentive to make an energy-saving investment if the owner does not benefit financially. Moreover, most sectors of the shipping industry are losing money, so it is not an ideal time to introduce new technologies. The industry is quite conservative, said Roger Strevens, vice president for environment at the shipping company Wallenius Wilhelmsen Logistics. About wind power, he added, There are a mix of significant technical, operational and economic hurdles to overcome. Or as Richard Pemberton, a marine technology expert at Southampton, put it, The shipping industry will adopt whichever technology allows them to make a profit. One company that is well past the design stage is SkySails. Founded in 2001 in Hamburg, Germany, it has been selling automated towing kite systems for cargo ships for several years. Resembling a giant paraglider, SkySails 3,500-square-foot kite is launched from a ships bow, pulling it forward when the wind is right. The company says that depending on wind conditions, fuel consumption can be reduced 10 to 35 percent. SkySails has installed its giant kites on six ships, and Cargill, the worlds largest charterer of dry bulk carriers, has announced plans to install the latest SkySails technology this year on its ship the Aghia Maina. But wind technology for mod ern cargo ships goes back at least a quarter of a century. In 1986 Capt. D. C. Anderson of Earth Ship Limited fitted a 3,500-ton grain carrier called the Carib Alba with an auxiliary wind-propulsion system called Comsail. On a perfect day, he recalled, it saved an astonishing 35 percent of fuel. But after oil prices collapsed that year, the Carib Albas owner took a blowtorch to Captain Andersons sailing masts, leaving them on a pier in Houston and bringing a promising experiment to an abrupt conclusion after 363 days of testing. QUESTIONS (ANSWER IN COMPLETE SENTENCES OR WRITE THE QUESTIONS THEN THE ANSWER FOR FULL CREDIT! DO NOT COPY DIRECTLY FROM THE ARTICLE, THIS WILL RESULT IN HALF CREDIT!)What shocking fact does the article start with?What are cargo ship designers trying to do to combat this?What features are found on the prototype UT Wind Challenger?What is special about the engine of the B9 prototype? What did tests reveal?What factors are causing the shipping industry to loo k for alternative fuel and power sources?Why is wind power not practical for large vessels?Aside from wind, what other options are they looking into?What will ultimately be the deciding factor in what the shipping industry will turn to?What is SkySails? What do their systems resemble?What did Capt. Anderson try in 1986? What was the result?Slowing to a Whales Pace in SamoaBy SCOTT BAKERScott Baker, associate director of the Marine Mammal Institute at Oregon State University, writes from Samoa, where he studies the formation of local communities among dolphins and their genetic isolation from one another. Today was the last day of our surveys in Samoa. We have completed the circumnavigation of both islands, Upolu and Savaii, covering more than 600 nautical miles, and have encountered short-finned pilot whales, spinner dolphins, rough-toothed dolphins, bottlenose dolphins and beaked whales. The strong trade winds we have experienced over the last few days are a reminder that it is winter in Samoa, and with this comes the annual migration of humpback whales. Although it is still early in the winter breeding season, humpbacks are our most common sighting along the south coast of Upolu. The Samoan islands are part of a vast winter breeding grounds of humpback whales in the South Pacific, including New Caledonia, Tonga, the Cook Islands and the Society Islands of French Polynesia. These whales feed during the austral summer months in the Southern Ocean near the Antarctic and migrate thousands of miles to the warm waters of the tropics to mate and give birth. Essay on Poverty And Its Effects On America EssayThere might be overlapping legitimate claims which all have scientific backing, Holm said. This years Danish expedition is the third in a series of voyages that began in 2007 to gather data to support a claim to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS), which assesses the scientific validity of such claims. Denmark has identified five potential claim areas off Greenland and the Faroe Islands both parts of the Kingdom of Denmark and has already submitted claims for areas north and south of the Faroes and for two areas south of Greenland. The fifth area, probably the most sensitive part of any future claim, is roughly 150,000 square kilometers (58,000 sq miles) extending north from Greenland and encompassing the North Pole. Despite a record thaw of sea ice in the Arctic, the expedition vessel has had to break through thick ice to gather seismic and sea depth data. In patches measurements were simply impossible and cancelled Equipment has been damaged by the ice so it has not been a piece of cake, said Martin Breum, a journalist and author travelling with the mission. Once claims are submitted, it is likely to take years or even decades for the CLCS to issue a report, and only after that could negotiations between states begin, Holm said. The Oden left the pole on Thursday afternoon. We are now struggling through heavy ice towards Siberia, Breum said. QUESTIONS (ANSWER IN COMPLETE SENTENCES OR WRITE THE QUESTIONS THEN THE ANSWER FOR FULL CREDIT! DO NOT COPY DIRECTLY FROM THE ARTICLE, THIS WILL RESULT IN HALF CREDIT!)What could be under the land that Denmark wants to claim?Why is it only now being claimed?What about the land gives Denmark a good claim to it?How did Russia try to lay claim to the land? Why was it controversial?How do Denmark plan to deal with countries that have also made a claim?Where else are they trying to claim land?What caused researchers a problem as they neared the pole?How long do researchers say it could take for official claims to be recognized?In at least 2 sentences, discuss your opinion about the claims and who may have the best one and why. Sea Lions Feasting on Threatened Salmon Should conservationists stop the California sea lions from eating threatened Columbia River salmon? ByJessica MarshallandNature magazineFromNaturemagazineWhat do you do when a charismatic marine mammal is wreaking havoc by gorging on a threatened species that humans also find delicious? Thats the awkward problem faced by wildlife managers along the Columbia River in Washington and Oregon states, where sea lions have been congregating for the past decade to feast on salmon waiting to climb the fish ladders at the base of the Bonneville Dam on their spring voyage upriver to spawn. To protect the Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the river, some of which are listed as threatened populations, in 2008 the states of Washington and Oregon obtained permission from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in Silver Spring, Maryland, to kill California sea lions (which are normally protected) seen feeding repeatedly at the dam, after attempts to frighten the animals away proved ineffective. In response, the Humane Society of the United States, based in Washington DC, and others filed a lawsuit to stop the practice and their legal challenges have continued. A US district court in Portland, Oregon, is expected to hear full arguments for a final ruling in the next few weeks. In the meantime, more than 40 California sea lions have been killed and 11 transferred to aquaria and zoos. Survey data collected by the US Army Corps of Engineers during the years of the cull show that numbers of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) are decreasing at the dam, along with the amount of salmon they eat. The corps and others attribute this to the removal programme. Muscling inBut the cull may have been too successful. Last year, the larger Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus), which arrived in earnest at the dam in 2005 and have returned in greater numbers each year, outnumbered California sea lions for the first time and ate fully half of the predated salmon. Part of this switch toward the Steller sea lion abundance may be due in part to success of the removal programme, said Doug Hatch of the Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission in Portland, Oregon, speaking at a meeting of the American Fisheries Society in St Paul, Minnesota this week. The problem with this shift is that Steller sea lions are themselves listed as a threatened species, meaning that hazing disturbing them with, for example, rubber bullets is the only option for dealing with them. But the eastern stock of Steller sea lions, which includes those at Bonneville, is under review for delisting as threatened, so that protection may not last. Counting the damageA key issue is exactly how much the sea lions are affecting the salmon, particularly the species that are listed as threatened. This is a difficult question to answer. Accurate numbers are available from near the dam, where sea lions and the prey in their mouths can be counted directly, but the dam is 235 kilometres from the mouth of the Columbia River and sea lions are present patchily throughout this length. Hatchs best estimate is that sea lions take on average a little over 10% of the listed populations annually between the dam and the ocean. He and his colleagues are tagging sea lions to improve understanding of where the mammals go within the river and beyond. The Humane Society says that the cull focuses on the wrong problem sea lions instead of reducing the allowable fishing catch, improving habitat, and reducing losses from hydropower, which it maintains are greater threats to the fish. Archaeological records suggest that sea lions are recent arrivals in the Columbia River, but researchers are finding that the smorgasbord of oily fish is expanding more than their range. We have captured and handled the largest California sea lions anyone has ever touched, says Robin Brown, a marine mammal specialist at Oregon Fish and Wildlife in Corvallis. The biggest weighed 658 kilograms, compared to a typical weight for a male of 200-400 kilograms. This Columbia river salmon seems to fatten them up bigger and better than anything weve ever seen.QUESTIONS (ANSWER IN COMPLETE SENTENCES OR WRITE THE QUESTIONS THEN THE ANSWER FOR FULL CREDIT! DO NOT COPY DIRECTLY FROM THE ARTICLE, THIS WILL RESULT IN HALF CREDIT!)Why is there an issue with the sea lions eating the salmon?How have the states reacted to conserve the salmon? What did they try before?How did the human society react?What did the survey by the US Army Corps reveal?How might the cull have been too successful?Why is the cul l controversial?Why is it hard to directly count how many salmon are being eaten by the seals?In at least 3 sentences, discuss your opinion about this issue. Do you agree with the cull, or side with the human society? Do you feel more tests need to be done? In Virginia, Encroaching Seas Pit Parking against Preservation As federal managers adapt to rising sea levels, local officials fear changes to parking rules that could undermine local economies ByJennifer WeeksandDaily ClimateCHINCOTEAGUE NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE, Va. A sign at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service visitor center here states a simple motto: Where Wildlife Comes First. But many visitors never see the sign, or much wildlife. Cars stream past the center on hot summer days, headed for a mile-long public beach at the refuges southern end. The prime goals are sand, surf, and a parking spot close to the water. But sea-level rise threatens the refuges future as a beach destination. Its on Assateague Island, a barrier island off the coasts of Virginia and Maryland. The whole island is protected as a national seashore, but different parts have diverse missions. Most of the Virginia section is a wildlife refuge except for the beach, an enclave run by the National Park Service. The refuge draws up to 1.5 million visitors every year through the adjacent town of Chincoteague. In a survey conducted by the town last year, 80 percent of visitors rated going to the beach as their top priority. The beach is broad, clean, and unspoiled by development. Its also in one of the most-exposed zones of the island, and often floods during storms. When this happens, as it did during a 2009 noreaster and again in 2011 during Hurricane Irene, the adjacent parking lots are washed out and have to be rebuilt. Even though theyre surfaced with loose sand and shells, rebuilding is expensive up to $700,000 per episode. Managers have preserved the lots, big enough for 960 cars, by repeatedly moving them west, away from the ocean side of the island, after washouts. Zones that used to be parking areas in the 1990s are now underwater. The National Park Service has advised the Fish and Wildlife Service to move the recreation zone north to a more protected area. We understand that the town of Chincoteagues economic viability is linked to beach parking, said Trish Kicklighter, superintendent of Assateague Island National Seashore. But you need to let the dunes act natural and move back when they want to. The current area is not wide enough to maintain a parking lot and a swimming beach.Barrier islands are naturally unstable, constantly changing shape under the forces of waves and wind. When storms flood the east, or ocean, side of Assateague, they wash sand over to the west side of the island and build it up. But as sea levels rise, floods are becoming more frequent and severe. The Fish and Wildlife Service projects that by 2100 rising seas will flood large sections of the Chincoteague refuges coastal marshes.Fish and Wildlife is writing a new 15-year management plan for the refuge, igniting a battle over the fate of the beach. Instead of spending more money to maintain a vulnerable parking lot, the agency would move the beach north and build new parking, possibly supplemented by a shuttle from a new satellite lot on Chincoteague.Local officials oppose these ideas. Before 1962, when a bridge was built connecting the town of Chincoteague to Assateague Island, Chincoteague was a sleepy fishing community. Now the town is a tourist gateway, with seashore visitors pumping $TK million into the town annually, according to a Fish and Wildlife Service estimate. Local officials want the beach preserved at all costs.Chincoteague Mayor John Tarr and local business owners argue that moving the beach or shifting even partly to public transit will drive visitors to more convenient locations like Ocean City, Maryland to the north or Virginia Beach to the south. I feel we are being railroaded into less or no parking at the beach, and forced to ride a trolley system in the future, Tarr told a House Natural Resou rces subcommittee at a hearing last February.Instead they want federal agencies to add a new parking lot with 300 more spaces and bring in the Army Corps of Engineers to do beach restoration, such as pumping sand from offshore to rebuild the beach. Federal managers oppose engineering solutions because they conflict with laws and policies that called for letting natural shoreline processes occur without intervening.Chincoteagues beach-inside-a-refuge situation may be unique, but rising sea levels will affect all of the 167 national wildlife refuges that are located along U.S. coastlines. No one really knows what the solution is yet were still experimenting with strategies to make refuges more resilient, and its specific to each refuge, said Noah Matson, vice president for climate change and natural resource adaptation at Defenders of Wildlife. QUESTIONS (ANSWER IN COMPLETE SENTENCES OR WRITE THE QUESTIONS THEN THE ANSWER FOR FULL CREDIT! DO NOT COPY DIRECTLY FROM THE ARTICLE, THIS WILL RESULT IN HALF CREDIT!)What greets visitors at Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge? What is the main draw of this park?What is threatening the beach? Where is the beach located?What is causing the problems with the parking lot?What is one solution to the problem?Why are barrier islands unstable?Why do local officials oppose moving the park north?Why do local businesses oppose the move?What is their solution?In at least 2 sentences, discuss what you think is the best idea and why.

Missile Defense Program Essay Example For Students

Missile Defense Program Essay The Need for a National Missile Defense (NMD) Program in the United StatesSeveral hundred Soviet, nuclear tipped, ballistic missiles streak towards the United States without any form of opposition or challenge to their impeding destruction. The result of a situation like this would be no doubt disastrous, but it is a situation that could very well take place if the United States does not install a national ballistic missile defense program. An anti-ballistic missile (ABM) system is a precaution that the American government must pursue with all of its resources in order to protect and preserve our society as we know it. Really, what are the chances of another nation launching a ballistic missile attack on the U.S.? Well, an attack may be a lot more likely than most Americans ever even dare to think. In 1998 Iran tested an intermediate-range missile capable of carrying a nuclear warhead, and North Korea launched a three-stage rocket, Taepo Dong 1(Timmerman), capable of an attack on Ala ska, Hawaii, and possibly the west coast of the United States.(Richter) In 1998 Congress appointed a blue ribbon panel headed by former Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld to take a look at just how real the threat is of an adversary developing an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) capable of attacking the U.S. mainland.(Timmerman) In his conclusion Rumsfeld warned that, rogue countries could soon have missiles capable of reaching the U.S. mainland—without the United States’ even knowing it.(Richter) Rumsfeld also concluded that of the rogue nations, Iran was the furthest along with the capability of developing a missile that could reach U.S. targets in an arc extending northeast of a line from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to St. Paul Minnesota, in less than five years. Next in line was Iran’s long time friend, North Korea, who could develop missiles capable of attacking the western United States in an arc extending northwest from Phoenix, Arizona, to Mad ison, Wisconsin. This threat is increased when taken into account the extensive friendship of Iran and North Korea. A calculated and combined attack could easily place nuclear ICBMs all over most of the continental U.S.. Even when the Taepo Dong missile was tested on August 31, 1998 an Iranian delegation was flown to North Korea bringing with them an entire plane load of telemetry equipment to monitor the test. Shortly after the test the delegation returned to Iran with the full results of the test. The very test of the North Korean Taepo Dong missile just goes to show how very clueless the United States is as to the development of ICBMs by foreign countries. The CIA’s national intelligence officer for strategic and nuclear programs, Robert D. Walpole, admitted that nobody in the intelligence community expected North Korea to develop an ICBM capability so soon. Although the launch of the Taepo Dong 1 missile was expected for some time, its use as a space launch vehicle with a third stage was not. The existence of a third stage concerns us. We hadn’t anticipated it. Debris from the rocket’s third stage was found some 3,500 miles from the site of the launch, showing that North Korea has the ability to target Alaska and possibly America’s west coast, admitted Walpole. Clearly if you can put something into orbit, you get awfully close to ICBM capability.(Timmerman) During the Cold War the United States and Russia both rushed to stockpile as many nuclear m issiles as possible, thus prompting each other to build a missile defense system. The very first interceptor missiles were developed in the early days of the Cold War. In 1958, the Army developed a long-range interceptor missile with a nuclear warhead, the Nike-Zeus. Due to doubts about the missiles’ radar, and the frightening danger of a low-altitude detonation over the U.S., the project was shot down. Soon after in 1963 the Nike-X replaced the Nike-Zeus with a better radar, and a better short-rang interceptor called Sprint. The long-range Nike-Zeus became known as the Spartan. In 1966 the Russians began to build a massive ring of ABMs around their capitol city Moscow. After failed attempts at reaching an ABM agreement with Premier Leonid Brezhnev, President Lyndon Johnson responded by approving a Sentinel system to protect the U.S..