Identifying Barriers to Diversity in Law Enforcement Essay

Our country, America is a melting pot of many different races, ethnic groups, and cultures, which occurred because of immigration. That is why our communities are known as multicultural communities. Our communities may consist of African Americans, Whites, Latinos, Chinese, Christians, Muslims, Jews, and Indians. These multicultural communities experience prejudice actions from law enforcement. Prejudice means a judgment or opinion formed before facts are known, usually involving negative or unfavorable thoughts about groups of people (Shusta and Levine, 2010). Law enforcement tends to discriminate against individuals because of their race, culture, or ethnic background. Law enforcement is now trying to figure out methods that they can use to improve their relationship with multicultural communities. Shusta and Levine (2010) offered some methods that can improve law enforcement in multicultural communities: (1) †¢ Make positive contact with community group members from diverse backgrounds, don’t let them see you only when something negative has happened, and allow the public to see you as much as possible in a nonenforcement role, (2) Take responsibility for patiently educating citizens and the public about the role of the officer and about standard operating procedures in law enforcement and remember that citizens often do not understand â€Å"police culture,† (3) Don’t be afraid to be a change agent in your organization when it comes to improving cross-cultural and interracial relations within your department and between police and community, it may not be a popular thing to do, but it is the right thing to do, (4) Donâ₠¬â„¢t appear uncomfortable with or avoid discussing racial and ethnic issues with other officers and citizens, and (5) Make a conscious effort in your mind, en route to every situation, to treat all people objectively and fairly. In my community they are only Blacks and Puerto Ricans races, but they are a diverse cultures, such as the locals called Cruzan’s, Kittians, St. Lucians, Dominicans, Haitians, Antiguans, Nevisians, and many other Caribbean islands. In my community law enforcement is prejudice against the stereotypes of the individuals, such as members in gangs. For example if law enforcement is called to the community for a theft, they would suspect a gang member of committing the before they suspect a regular guy walking down  the street. If they take time out to socialize with these so called gang members they would see a different side of them. Also getting to know the different cultures would allow having better communication skills with the citizens, and maybe the citizens would feel safer in open up to them and help them in the community. In a scenario in which a method would work would be: A patrol unit is patrolling the community a see a group of young boys sitting under a tree cooli ng out, they decide to stop and have a talk to the young boys, about what they’re doing and how is their life, and officers even tell them about their days when they was the same age as them, the boys know see that these officers are no different than them, and their just doing their duty. That shows that the boys and law enforcement is communicating and gaining trust within each other.

Is Money the Biggest Motivator for People at the Workplace Essay

Many people believe that they are motivated by solely earning money, but this is not entirely true, because other factors like variety of workplace and the need to be appreciated for the work they do. Motivation is the set of processes that moves a person toward a goal. Thus, motivated behaviours are voluntary choices controlled by the individual employee. Factors that affect work motivation include individual differences, job characteristics, and organizational practices. Individual differences are the personal needs, values, and attitudes, interests and abilities that people bring to their jobs. The need to be appreciated for the work they do may be reflected in the prestige attached to their job, and while the need for a variety in the workplace may be satisfied by an interesting or fun job. A factor, which effects motivation, is that every individual has a variety of different needs. For example an employee may prefer to work on their own rather than in a friendly team. In order to have good motivation employees needs have to be established. This is shown in how lack of motivation equals reduced effort and lack of commitment. An example of how employee’s needs could be satisfied is through involving them in discussions so that they feel recognised and wanted. A business could also set up discussions with management about goals and working practises which would make employees feel their opion counts and also that their contribution is valuable.

Writing the Self in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Writing the Self in China - Essay Example My girlfriend is a very sensitive person. In her receiving advice from others on how to overcome problems having to do with our relationship, this gave her a sense of security which she did not previously have. The expression through the blog spot gave her the awareness of an active voice. This awareness of an active voice gave her the sensations which are similar to having an audience in front of her. This allowed my girlfriend to express all of the feelings which she had not previously expressed. As I was spending the year in Guangzhou, I had the experience of writing about the self as the self relates to emotion and individuality. It was a relief to be able to write freely about emotion and individuality in a China which evolved from the 1989 social movement of post socialist China (Wang 2006 p 5). When we visited a tea house in Guangzhou, my girlfriend told me that she was creating a web blog. This was in order to seek advice from strangers about how to overcome the problems that we had been having in our relationship. As a result of our discussion, I browsed the internet and discovered that aside from my girlfriends blog about her personal life, many Chinese people were also engaging in the same activities. These activities consisted of posting messages on blogs with regards to various issues that they were experiencing in their relationships with their partners. These Chinese people were seeking advice on relationship issues from others who they were not well acquainted with. My girlfriends web blog demonstrated the complexity of interpersonal relationships of post- socialist China. Freedom of speech and freedom of the press were now commonplace, part of a new Chinese neo-liberalism (Wang 2006 p 103). Neoliberalism cannot be viewed as an ideology. It can be expressed as an established set of behaviors which motivate individualism, autonomy and self expression

Texts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Texts - Essay Example This illustrates direct effect on the performance of the training and education sector (Baum, 2001) The Barnett learning triangle is very significant. It enables the analysis of three main concepts. The concepts are; the society, higher education and knowledge. The influences of the three terms are interconnected. In the present society, they are constitutive partially. The level of tourism programs delivery according to the vocational aspects directed at promotional literatures and also the validation documents may b easily challenged. Undergraduate tourism course have been greatly publicized in recent years, through the internet and the prospectuses, as employment preparation in the tourism and service related sectors, as shown by the 1997 Airey and Johnson study. But, the study illustrated that many tourism lecturers seem to be following the liberal vocationalism approach (Silver and Brennan, 1988). The approach of course delivery that integrates the academic and vocational perspectives, as illustrated by Raffe (1994), illustrates aggressive education approach, in spite of the illustrated aims that enhance the employment preparation perspective. The flexible perspective to directing the vocational programs in HE towards the general work preparation, instead of illustrating explicit tourism jobs has been shown through the introduction of the undergraduate tourism courses. The tourism courses are simultaneously illustrated as providing both education for and about, as shown by Business Studies (Macfarlane, 1994). Tourism lecturers explain that tourism development is determined by two issues. Firstly, concentrating on the knowledge and skills enhancement of the subject; and secondly, on the generation of transferable academic competencies. Jafari (1997) illustrated the development of three classification of tourism in HE. The classes are; tourism, hotel and also hospitality. The classification focuses

Employment Law Compliance Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Employment Law Compliance Plan - Essay Example Additionally, Stonefield stated that he intends to have at least 25 employees during the first year of business operations. Therefore, this memorandum seeks to identify the most relevant employment laws that Stonefield must be concerned about when creating a compliance plan. The first and most critical employment law that Stonefield must be aware as he seeks to start a limousine business in Austin, Texas is the Texas Payday Law. This is because noncompliance with this law can attract a heavy penalty on the part of Stonefield as an employer. The law provides protection to employees who have not been paid all the salaries due to them. The Texas Payday Law is applicable to all businesses that are conducted in Texas with the exception of public employers. According to this law, any employee who feels that his or her employer has not paid all his earned wages in full can bring a complaint against the employer with the Texas Workforce Commission within 180 days after the date that the wages not yet paid became in arrears for payment. The commission will then takes up the matter and investigate it. As such, in the event that the Commission rules in favor of a worker, the employer can be required to pay up to $1,000 in damages for noncompliance with the Texas P ayday Law (Attorney General of Texas, 2013). Similarly, in the case that the Commission finds that the employee acted in bad faith, then the employee who filed the complained may also be required to pay the same amount as damages. Additionally, the Texas Payday Law also spell out how employers are supposed to compensate employees, which can either be monthly on weekly depending on the method that an employer deems appropriate. According to the Texas Payday Law, it is not a requirement that an employer pay a worker for lunches, vacation, and breaks. Nevertheless, all employers regardless of the size of the business are required by the law to compensate their employees for attending

Men in Nursing Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Men in Nursing - Literature review Example Such understandings can cause escalation in the understanding of the obstacles that influence the staffing and retaining of men in the occupation, and they are dynamic if nursing is to grow, not only staffing policies focused on males, but more significantly, retention strategies that address current and uninterrupted gender relations that impact all nurses lives. Historical accounts of the monastic movement, dating back to the fourth and fifth centuries, show that people of the male gender participated actively in the provision or nursing care and protection to the ailing as members of religious groups. The Command of St John of Jerusalem, an order of military knights or knight’s hospitallers was the first of many orders of nobility established in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. The Cavaliers of St John of Jerusalem who defended Jerusalem during the crusades, later provided protection to travelling pilgrims and also built hospitals and castles across Europe that served as both lodgings for pilgrims and places to nurse the sick. This order continues to operate as the St John Ambulance Link, an organization formed to offer people the necessary training required to caater for the health needs of the injured and ill, in 1877. Men as nurses also participated in non-military nursing orders such as the Brothers of St Anthony. This order, founded in 1095, cared for victims of erysipelas, a disfiguring skin disease later called St Anthony’s fire. Other orders included the Hospitallers of St John of God, founded in the late sixteenth century in Spain, and the Alexian Brothers, who became a religious order in 1472 (Kauffman 1976). The Alexians, an order of uneducated craftsmen, preached the word of God and provided basic healthcare to the lowly in society in ancient Europe (Kauffman 1976). It was a culture of the Alexians to burry the dead, and the ministry gained momentum and appreciation during the plague years of the fourteenth and fifteenth centurie s. With the final disappearance of the plague in the eighteenth century, the Alexian Brothers gained fame because of their work. The insignificant, but rising number of males in the nursing occupation does not herald a liberal integration of male and female sex roles. The confirmation presented in this paper proposes that even in female-conquered jobs such as nursing, male-controlled gender associations which reflect a tall estimate of all that is manlike and masculine, play an important role in situating an uneven number of males in managerial and elite department positions. At the core of this sex dynamic is the need to detach the masculine from the less valued female. Male harbors do this by staffing plans that allow them to detach themselves from female coworkers and the quintessential female image of nursing itself, as a precondition to uplifting their own status and authority. They are assisted in this mission by male-controlled cultural organizations that craft and spread mal e benefit, as well as by female nurses themselves who, deliberately or automatically, nurture the vocations of male coworkers (Wheeler 1991). The low status of women in a society controlled by the male gender is manifest in the female dominated occupation of nursing. Here, stereotypical feminine traits of nurturing, caring, dependence and submission

Critical Thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Critical Thinking - Essay Example From this perspective it is clear that a critical thinking initiative simply makes good business sense. There is little question that the business environment of today is changing rapidly. Through the process of globalization employees of a major organization are exposed to a number of new challenges. Chartrand et al. (2009) emphasized that there are three keys to critical thinking that need to be implemented which are the RED Model. Recognize assumptions- Separate fact from opinion and gather information from a variety of different stakeholders. Evaluate arguments- Although it is difficult not to bring one’s prejudices to an issue, employees need to be taught not to simply jump to a conclusion and weigh all options. Draw Conclusions- After all information is in hand and sound reasoning is applied employees should employ ‘good judgment’ based on the facts. The risks associated with a business environment that does not encourage critical thinking was highlighted by MSNBC (2007) wherein the case Study of Circuit City was presented.

Integrated marketing communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Integrated marketing communication - Essay Example The major strength of the company is its brand name. In the recent past the brand was declared as ‘the world’s favorite airline’. The company provides wide range of services to its customers such as food services, entertainment options including movies, TV games and music. The flight service being a global airline, offers year round low fare flights along with full services on a worldwide network (Kotipalli, â€Å"Strategic Management Report on British Airways†). British Airways affected employees’ strike that affected the successful operation of the company. The dispute involved the British Airways Management and the Unite Trade Union over various issues such as working conditions and pay. The effect of the crisis had been tremendous leading to long wait by the passengers at the airports. The airline had to retrain other airline employees in order to work as flight attendants and lease fleets from other airlines. During the strikes the analysts expected that those would cost the company about millions of pounds and it was further estimated that this would certainly hurt the airline brand as customers booked flights with the competitors. According to few economists, this strike would have a negative impact upon the world’s economy (Werdigier, â€Å"British Airways Strike Effect Disputed†). Being the marketing communication consultant the crisis management problem needs to be solved with the aim to repair the organizational reputation, sales performance and customs. Therefore, the appropriate strategy would be to use COSTAC framework in order to increase the efficiency and revamp the original position of the company. Before making an integrated marketing plan, it is essential to understand the context of the current situation. The context analysis helps to shape up certain things and explains the reason for such happenings. Here, five contexts namely internal, external, business, stakeholders and customers would be studied in detail in order to

Essay 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

2 - Essay Example It is difficult to differentiate ‘fake news’ from ‘real news’ in the current society. This is especially true because reliable news comes from unreliable sources. The news from social media has negative effects for audience. Jason Zinser explores the impact of fake news to the American society. So-called fake news programs present a potential problem of deception and dilution. He cites The Daily Show as an example of a program that is likely to misguide Americans because it has no accurateness, impartiality, or journalistic honesty. Although such traits characterize it, it is still widely regarded as among the main sources of information on national events for the population. Entertainment dilutes the news, and fails to highlight its seriousness. In the end, Americans fail to get important information from the news, or derive clues on pertinent information such as terror attacks. Social media at times shape people’s perception of the outside world in a negative manner. This calls for the need of quality information for viewers because it determines their actions and interactions with other cultures that they view on television. Social media should not hold itself to similar journalistic standards that traditional news outlets hold. It is difficult to enhance integrity and responsible news coverage is a station solely focuses on improving its ratings. Jason cites the example of The Daily Show, which uses comedy in trivial news issues that require utmost seriousness. It may be difficult for viewers to differentiate between newsworthy events and pure entertainment. In a similar note, negative consequences result from particular forms of media. Sexist music videos are examples of media forms that may have a negative impact on the society, even though that may not have been the original intention of its creators. Program creators must demonstrate accountab ility

Midterm Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Midterm - Research Paper Example In this latter particular then, I seem to have slightly the advantage of him.’ Socrates’ argument is therefore that knowledge is not about believing that one knows something, but instead about knowing that one, in fact, cannot know. Socrates is driven to those said to be wise, because he wants to consider the word of God. On this quest, Socrates finds that ‘I found that the men most in repute were all but the most foolish; and that others less esteemed were really wiser and better.’ Socrates will then go on to explain this apparent paradox. His argument is based around the idea that believing one has knowledge cheats one out of actually having knowledge. The only true posit of knowledge, in Socrates’ argument is God himself. So, following Socrates’ argument, God himself knows that his wisdom means nothing, which is precisely what makes him so wise. Socrates returns to the argument over knowledge later in the Apology at which point he discusses fear of death. He argues that this, rather than making a man wiser, fearing death shows a pretence of wisdom, because death is unknown and an unknown thing cannot be known and therefore feared. Man does not know if death is a terrible thing or not and it is therefore illogical to fear it. Following on from this logic, Socrates cannot know if his beliefs are true, because wisdom dictates that no knowledge is regarded as certain. Socrates’ discussion of knowledge in the Apology is an interesting one, since it centres on the idea that nothing can be truly known. It subverts the common view that a lot of knowledge is synonymous with wisdom and replaces it with the idea that wisdom is the having the openness of mind to understand that any amount of knowledge is never a lot. In the Republic, Plato reports Socrates’ notions on ethics, connected with idea of justice. These ideas are related to the debate over epistemology in the Apology since they rely

The Statement For Goals For BSPN Essay Example for Free

The Statement For Goals For BSPN Essay The health of a nation is its wealth. Any country that would increase tremendously in its gross national and domestic product understands the importance of health, and as such devotes huge sum of money to maintain the health of her citizens. Training health workers and engaging in public health campaigns are also part of the agenda: many a people contact infectious diseases and others are exposed to cardiac disorders because of the ignorance. As a result, these two diseases have created a double disease burden in many nations of the world including China. These make public health an indispensable tool for improved national health; thus my passion to make a contribution through this tool. Last year, an uncle was ill in the hospital of Mainland China. My parent and I went there to visit him. I was disappointed at that time because the environment status of the hospital was poor. More seriously, the public health standard of the city was not acceptable. People spit in the street. Air pollution is serious due to industrialization. There was no warning signal for smoking and its concomitant health hazards. Food production and distribution were not so properly controlled and adequately regulated. All such examples give me sprout a need in me, to study in this direction so that I can make an impact. This is why I begin to become interested in public health. One of my father’s friends has run the business of â€Å"Hospital Management† in St. Louis, Missouri. They always talk about health care topics such as how to plan for emergence rescue of the society, how to establish measures against infectious diseases, and how to position hospitals within the society. Especially, as the number of old people increase daily, there will be high demand for health care provision for the aged. It is through this simple route I gathered some basic features of the public health. I do not have direct experience in the field of public health. However, the SARS effect in Hong Kong provides me the unforgettable memories. From that event, I understand how the public hospitals were badly designed and built. Surprisingly, the ventilation system in hospitals is one of the clauses for SARS. Besides, there were no segregation patient wards. On the other hand, the doctors and nurses tried their best to save peoples’ lives. Finally, we won the battles against SARS. Such doctors and nurses are respectable. Since then, I have deep interest in studying public health and joined my school activities to improve its health condition .These include how to teach classmate to wash their hands and design pamphlets how to promote hygienic environment. I have learnt to use the simple knowledge I have about environmental health to impact my school, and the area I reside. Still, I need to know more so that the influence can be exact. The area of Public health is very broad. I am quite enthusiastic in Old aged Community Management and Hospital Management fields. The need for aged facilities rises daily; this necessitates provision of competent services for them. Members of the community need also become aware of this trend so that concerted efforts can be directed at achieving the goal of improved health conditions within and outside the hospitals. It is equally important to make sure that the health facilities meet basic standard that can adequately curtail nosocomial infections; primary health care services should also be available in the community. Recreational facilities should be provided. Ambulances should also be ready for emergence rescue. In case of joining the BSPH program, I hope to make use of the Management Theories in the Public Health Field. These include hardware management such as design and layouts of hospitals, location of hospitals, cost and benefit analysis and budgeting. For software, it is mainly in dealing with human recourses management such as directing, coordinating, motivating, creating, training and cost planning. Having finished the studying, I may join the public health sector, maybe as a civil servant or professional advisor to promote public health standard. In particular, it is one of my goals and career to bring such advanced knowledge into the under-developed or poor countries such as China, India or Africa to improve their public health conditions.

Sources Of Finances Available To A Business Finance Essay

Sources Of Finances Available To A Business Finance Essay Starting and running a successful business in the current world is not easy. Due to the rising costs and falling value of stocks, consumers have been left little money to spend. This has led many investors to sell their stock at a loss or just to break even. One way of maintaining a profitable business is constantly injecting some capital into it. Below we identify the major sources of finance available to a business. Bank Overdraft This refers to a short-term credit facility that is provided to a business by the bank. It is one of the most common that a business can use to raise some to receive extra. A bank overdraft permits an account holder to withdraw more the amount of money they have in their bank account. The overdraft attracts interests on the amount overdrawn (Shaw 2011). Loan Business loans can be classified as either long term, medium or short term. Although loans are regarded as costly way of raising extra capital, it is ideal for long-term business projects such as development and expansion. Grants As a source of finance, grants are offered to businesses for services or programs that profit the local community. Grants are offered by large private firms and government agencies. Retained Profits A business can plough back some of its undistributed profits back into the business. Retained profits are the amount of money held by a business to provide financial back-up in times of need. This is acknowledged as the most ideal way of raising extra capital in business as there is no interest or extra charges incurred. Working Capital Working capital refers to the sum of money that a business has set aside meant for financing the day to day activities. Working capital is also ideal as a source of addition capital since no cost is incurred (Shaw 2011). LO1 1.2 Implications of finance as a resource The main sources of finance are credit unions, banks as well as private investors. Funds from other income streams such as rented properties and money from stock are also credible sources of cash to finance a business. Each source of finance is associated with a set of implications such as the amount that is paid as interest on a bank loan, penalties for late payments as well as other infractions set in the contract between the borrower and the lender. Although the implications might be more or less the same as those of regular banks, credit unions may however set their interest rates at a lower figure. Private Investors: The use of private investors as a way of financing a business will attract a legal agreement that is bidding to both the seller and the buyer. Although the agreement maybe at times verbal, the implication of avoiding a written legal contract between the two parties involved might be severe and one party may fail to honor their obligations. Good private investors are know not lend money to business people until they performed due diligence on the businesses (Ralph 2005). Sources of finance from dividends, sale of stock or rented properties is practical and more lucrative. However, these kind of financial sources have been associated with a number of implications. For instance, stock prices may fall drastically leaving the investor with huge losses. The solution to finding the right sources of finance is to look at the benefits and drawbacks, and come-up with the best fit for a given business loan, investment prospect and other financial needs. LO1 1.3 Appropriate sources of Finance There are so many sources of finance that a business can choose from and it therefore up to the business owner to select the most appropriate way to finance business projects. To fund that important business project, a business may seek a loan from bank as well as any other financial institution with lending services. Another appropriate method of raising the necessary finance is by requesting for a bank overdraft. Another method that has become quite popular is raising finances through venture capital. Investment specialists and merchant banks might be willing to finance fast-growing and promising business project. Venture capital is a composition of chare and loan capital. Lucrative business projects may qualify for funding and assistance through grants offered by the government and other non-governmental organizations. For instance, low interest loans and grants may be offered to business that establishes their operations in the rural areas. One of the viable ways of financing ong oing and expensive business ventures is by leasing expensive equipment. This helps the business to save a lot of money. Lastly, businesses may raise finance through trade credit. This is a short term source of finance that makes it possible for business to purchase items on credit and pay later (Incstaf 2010).   LO2 2.1 costs of different sources of finance The cost associated with loans (debt financing) is interest while the cost of investments (equity financing is share of the profits or dividends. Comparing the costs for different sources of finance may involve the analysis and calculation of cost of capital. This may involve comparing the interest charges on a loan with the businesses with the total percentage of accumulated profits or retained earnings that belong to the investor. Business owners seeking loans from a number of banks should compare the payments terms and interest rates being offered. Even very little variations in the interest rate can tote up to considerable amounts over a long period of time. Unsecured Short-term loans, for example lines of credit, usually have a high rate of interest as compared to long-term secured loans such as mortgages. The fact trade credits and bank overdrafts attract high interest rates make them to be too costly (Higham 2004). The interest rate is normally dependent on the risk as well as the credit rating score of the borrower. If a business need financing for a fixed period of time mostly less than a year, it could be more suitable for the business to borrow from friends and family or set up a short term loan from a bank. As an additional cost to the business, banks may require security or collateral for the loan being secured as insurance against loan defaults. LO2 2.2 importance of financial planning Financial Planning is the practice of determining the amount of capital needed as well as the competition of the capital. The process of financial planning involves creating policies, objectives, procedures, budgets and programs concerning the financial activity in concern. Financial planning ensures the adequate and effective financial and investment policies. Some of the importances are as outlined; Financial planning guarantee the adequate utilization of funds Financial Planning assists in maintaining a reasonable stability between the inflow and outflow In addition, Financial Planning guarantees that the suppliers of funds are effortlessly investing in businesses that observe financial planning. It has also been attributed in facilitating expansion and growth programmes which assists in the long-run survival of the business. Financial Planning decreases uncertainties with respect to shifting market trends by eliminating these hindrances, financial planning helps in maintaining profitability and stability in a business (Higgins 2011). LO2 2.3: Information needs of different decision makers There are various parties keen on the information of a business. These parties can be classified as either internal or external depending on how interested they are in the business and the influence they have on the organization. They also need different forms of information and based on their requirements. Owners/ Shareholders These are internal parties of the organization and they need information for sound decision making when it comes to productivity of the firm, income belonging to shareholders, asset base of the company (net worth or payable), as well as the availability of assets (cash) for future development. Employees These are also internal parties whose purpose of acquiring information on the organization is totally different from that of its proprietors. Workers are mostly worried about their wages and other remunerations from the job and the permanence of the company for the safety of their employment. Their main areas of interest are the organizations economic information, productivity of the business and any future development plans (Suthaharan 2010). Lenders Financial institutions like banks and lenders also have a keen interest on the financial reports of the company, especially if the company wants to borrow funds for expansion or for settling operational costs. Banks are interested in gearing ratio of the organization (a form of ratio involving the loan capital and equity capital). Profitability of the firm: liquidity ratio, interest covers (capacity to offset interest charges if the loans are acquired); fixed assets foundation to obtain the information regarding the securities obtainable for the loan etc are all necessary to financial institutions. Government/ Regulatory institutions The government is interested in how much profit the company is making and if it is paying the correct tax charges for their income. The government also checks for other forms of applicable tax charges; compliance with the managerial bodies systems (bookkeeping principles, Colombo stock exchange requirements etc (Suthaharan 2010). General Public/ customers The general public is interested in knowing the operation of the firm and the stability of the employment. LO2 2.4: Impact of finance on the financial statements Presently, companies frequently smother monetary statement like the balance sheet, statement of cash flows and the income statement. Once the financial statements have been released at the end of a financial year, they may have huge impacts on the investors and other stakeholders. Hence, it is up to the company to make sure that all the information the financial statement is correct. Impact on Stock Price the stock of a company can be greatly impacted by financial statements. In making their investment decisions, several investors use financial statements to establish the viability of investing in certain stocks. The upward and downward movements of stock prices are dependent on the information presented in the statements (Stansky 2010). Financing Decisions financial statements are likely to affect the likelihood of accompany to acquire funding. If a business is attempting to take out a production loan, the lender will routinely scrutinize the financial statements of that company. Lenders are more likely to invest in businesses that have good financial statements. LO3 3.1 Analyze budgets and make appropriate decisions Once a business becomes operational, it is important tightly manage and plan its financial performance. One of the most effective methods of keeping the finances of a business on track is by creating a budgeting process. Managing, monitoring and creating a budget are important in guaranteeing the success of the business. The budget should help the business owner in allocating resources where they are required, so that the business remains successful as well as profitable. The budget process should be simple and should take into consideration what will be earned and spent in the business. Start-up businesses may run their businesses in a tranquil way and may not even require a budget. on the other hand, if a business is planning to grow and expand into the future, budgeting is one of the most effective way of managing funds and new stream of cash flows thus allowing the business owner to invest in fresh opportunities at the right time. A budget is an important planning tool that helps business in making appropriate decisions relating control of finances (Wendy 2006). LO3 3.2 calculations of unit costs and making pricing decisions A Unit cost refers to the actual cost of delivering a single unit of a product or service. The calculation of unit costs is done with the intention of providing a basis of comparing the costs of different providers of goods and services. It can be used in identifying trends that might signal variations in productivity, resources as well as the quality of services. Unit costs may be termed as the benchmark for measuring performance (Damodaran 2011). By understanding how to establish Unit costs, a business can be able to promote effective use of funds. It can provide information that can be used to improve services. The use of unit costs can help in identifying economies of scale, assist in establishing fee policies, strengthening future applications as well as informing on the contracting processes, identify economies of scale, help to establish fee policies, and strengthen future grant applications. Making pricing decision can sometimes be a tricky and hard decision. For instance, if goods and services are priced too low, the business might not be able to cover all the expenses and if highly priced, the business might not realize any sales at all. LO3 3.3 viability of a project using investment appraisal techniques In nature, different Investment opportunities and projects vary considerably. Hence, project appraisal techniques were designed to assist business managers and investors make good decisions and choose the most viable projects. The real meaning of all investment appraisals is the evaluation of the value of proposals which need financial and economic commitment of resources, by taking into consideration the costs and benefits. For any business, making bad investment decisions can end in loss of opportunities to net new investors, limited future growth and poor financial and economic performance or the disappointment of shareholders. Investment appraisal intervenes at the stage where a business plan is transformed into its corresponding financial plan and the choice to finance its execution (Hassan 2008). LO4 4.1 main financial statements In a company, there are three major financial statements namely; the balance sheet-which is a report of a companys assets, liabilities and stockholders equity as at a given time. Then there is the income statement which simply is a record of a companys revenues and expenses during a certain financial period. The last major financial statement is the cash flow statement (commonly known as the statement of cash flows). This statement provides information on the changes that have occurred a companys cash and cash equivalents during the similar period income statement (Leigh 2012). LO4 4.2 formats of financial statements for different types of business The income statement of a manufacturing business is different from that of a retail store. In this income statement (manufacturing), the first line is occupied by gross income followed by the subtraction of goods manufactured. This results to gross income. The second portion of the income statement records all expenses that are linked administrative, general and selling costs. This is again subtracted from gross income to disclose operating income (Steiner 2012). For smaller businesses and companies, the business may maintain very simple balance sheet but for large companies, the balance sheet is broken down into current assets and liabilities and long-term assets and liabilities. Several businesses use the accrual basis of accounting. This implies that they will identify income received from a sale after the sale has been completed and not essentially when the cash is received. LO4 4.3 financial statements and Ratio A ratio is an expression of a relationship between two or more quantitative variables. On the other hand, financial ratios show the interrelationships between different elements in the financial statements. The analysis of financial ratios involves determining a standardized connection between figures showing up in the financial statements as well as using those relationships known as ratios to evaluate the business financial performance and position. A number of techniques have to be used in ensuring that financial statements of different businesses have been simplified and made compatible. Such method may incorporate the use of great tools for example common sized financial statements and ration analysis. Financial ratios fall in one of the four classes, namely; liquidity (current ration, quick ration), profitability (return on assets, return on equity), investor (Earning per share) and long-term or risk (asset turnover, asset receivable turnover ratio) (Loth 2011).

Business analysis of General Electric

Business analysis of General Electric In the history of technology in the united scales, the history of General Electric company constitutes a significant part. The growth of General Electronics (GE) from a mere home laboratory of Thomas Edison to one of the largest companies from simple early applications to complex 21st century high tech wizardry, has been quite outstanding. the company has also merged with other companies, broading its scope , moving from technology to services, consisting of total 11 main operating gates : GE Advanced with high-performance, fused quartz and ceramics which are used by a good number of industries, silicon-based products. One of worlds leading appliance manufacturers, GE Consumer and Industrial is a preeminent global maker of lighting products for consumer, commercial, and industrial customers. Besides, these functions, GE Commercial and Industrial also supplies systems, services and integrated industrial equipment. The energy industry is served by GE Energy, a prominent supplier among its field. P1. Background to Change Major changes in General Electric: The economic problems of GE can be deciphered through its managerial reshuffling. General Electronic experienced a far reaching change when John F. (Jacx) Welch Jr. became the chairman and CEO in 1981. Welch intended to give power to the subordinates i.e. the periphery of the company by invalidating the hierarchy of the management, assigning divisions according to the per formative skills, which he followed from predecessor Reginald Jones time. GE bought 338 business and product lines for $11.1 billion and sold 252 for $5.9 billion over the next few years. Jones wanted GE to be top ranked in all the fields of operation. During this period, in 1943, General Electric Credit Corporation, another of GEs operations was formed. And as it expanded into other markets like real estate, leasing and selling of heavy industrial goods, insurance and inventories its assets doubled to $16 billion between 1979 and 1984. Also, the leasing operations protected the parent company from heavy taxes. It w as done by leasing of the credit corporation on the equipments developed by GE which suffered accelerated depreciation. Forces for change: Controlling bureaucracy: Welchs signature concept was to spark productivity and save the company from eminent threats. Wales took care of both internal and external problems. He sorted out internal problems such as between functions eg-that between sales and manufacturing and external problems like GE and its suppliers and customers. Welch incited any kind of barrier was bad for the company. Information travels easily in an open, boundary less organization. There is a nothing to hinder the continuous flow of decisions, people, ideas etc. the century-old systems of resided hierarchy and bloated bureaucracy in Ge near got rid of because this Boundary less behavior. Welsh spent two decades reforming the bureaucratic procedures of GE, because he thought anything that hindered the free flow of ideas and learning was destructive. Lack of sharing information: Because there was a communication gap between the lower and top management, the goals were not clear to them. So they needed to change and adapt so that everyone could be aware of the goals and objectives of the company. Mobilizing the workforce/winning competitive advantage: GE had to change and adapt itself to the changes around and compete properly and not lag behind. And when this change happens throughout is required to minimize the disturbances associated. For expanding the business: In order to expand his business to suit the competitive market, Welsh globalizes , many were not doing well, so Jack first handled the problems playing weaker domestic sector (i.e. the hardware phase: restructuring, delivering, downsizing etc. ) After solving the hardware problems, Welch concentrated on making GE global. Advancement of Technology: Change is a must to adapt to the growing technological market. Internet initiative was used by Welch. Welch recommended every process to be digitized, as a part of GEs e-Initiative. In making the company diligent and agile this step was much instrumental. P2. GE organizational structure is combination of top-down bottom up structure. Corporate Executive Office Chairman CEO Corporate staff Finance Business R D Human Legal Development Resource GE aircraft GE transp- GE industrial GE Plastics GE Appliance GE supplies Engines orttion systems GE Power GE Medical GE Lighting GE specialty NBC GE Capital Systems Systems Materials GE Capital 26 Business organized into 5 segments Consumer Mid-market Specialized Specialty Equipment Services Financing Financing Insurance Management Advantages of Bureaucratic structure organization: Functional economics of scale Minimum duplication of personnel equipment. Enhanced communication centralized decision making Disadvantages of Bureaucratic organization Submit conflicts with organizational goals. Obsessive concern with rules and regulations. Lack of employee discretion to deal with problems. P3. Mechanistic Organizational structure: Qualities such as high complexity, formality and centralization mark the Mechanistic structures. These structures are well suited for repetitive functions and actions. They react to unpredicted events relatively slow and are highly depended on planned behaviors. Mechanistic Organizational Structure Mechanistic Organizational Performance AlignmentStructure Control-oriented IT Alignment Performance Control-oriented IT Advantages: High specialization Rigid departmentalization High formalization Disadvantages: Narrow span of control Flow of information is not free Centralized Organic Organizational structure: Organic structures emphasis on parallel relations rather than vertical ones and are relatively resilient and adoptable. It is influenced by skills and knowledge rather than status-related authorities, the focus is not on commands but on data sharing and responsibilities are rendered flexible not based on terms of reference. Organic Organizational structure Mechanistic Organizational Performance AlignmentStructure Coordinatio-oriented IT Alignment Performance Control-oriented IT Advantages: Open communication network Empowered employee Wide span of control Cross hierarchical team Free flow of information Disadvantages: Low formalization Minimal formal rules Little direct supervision. .Organizational transformation (Centralized -decentralized) The key to success is innovation. And centralization and decentralization-two structural dimensions of the firm affect this innovation. The degree is to which decision-making authority is kept at top levels of management is known as centralization. And the degree to which -decision-making authority is pushed down to lower levels of the firm is known as decentralization. There is a dispute regarding which is better among the two. There can be two types of centralization and decentralization -geographical and the hierarchy among the employees. In the case of the geographical centralization, an organization can have just one headquarter and vice versa in the case of decentralization. The other type would be when the authority and decision making sessions are involved. The centralization or decentralization of an organization depends on factors such as type of industry etc. In the case of centralized organization, the hierarchy is strictly maintained and power is held by the top executiv es and the headquarters. In decentralized organizations, the power all including various outlets and lower level managers. Tesco, the super market chain, where each store has a manager who take important decisions regarding the store, and is responsible to the regional manager is an example of decentralized organization Recommendation: The firm should have a Communication consultant who will help to assess the situation. This in turn will help the business to be as productive as possible. The communication assessment helps to figure out the faults through an external source and tries to solve them and provide better business structure and design. P4. Features of radical Changes Merger Acquisition: During the early 1980s Factory automation became a major activity. Calma and Intersil were acquired by GE and were essential to this program. To manufacture and market Hitachis industrial robots in the United States, GE also entered into an agreement with the Japanese, company. In order to robotize its locomotive plant in Eric, Pennsylvanian, and GE spent $300 million by itself. GEs aircraft engine business also participated in an air-force plant-modernization program two years later. The controversial B-1B bomber engines were also manufactured by GE. Restructuring: The six sigma was adopted by GE in the late 1990s under Welchs leadership, a Motorola, Inc. and Alliged Signal Inc pioneered quality control and improvement initiative. Costs were cut by reducing errors or defects through this program. The six sigma was claimed to yield $1 billion in annual saving by 1998. Restructuring continued within the company including a $2.3 billion charge in late 1997, which led to the closure of redundant facilities to shift to cheaper labour market production. Reconfiguring the business portfolio: Welch wanted GE to be identified as a broadly diversified corporation. Buthe was also aware that GEs business portfolio should at first focus on a limited number of sectors which will be potentially attractive for growth and profitability. In his initial says, Welch confessed about his interest in dealing with the top companies in the global market. He highlighted GEs resources on its best opportunities: the consumer electronic business, mining interests ( notably Utah International), small household appliances division, semiconductors, and radio stations were sold off by Welch. And GE acquired small companies. the bigger ones includes RCA, NBC, Kidder Peabody, CGR etc. GE made over a hundred acquisitions with financial services being the largest sector acquired. Charging the structure: One major factor which contributed to the transformed product-market face of GE and the consequent increase in growth was the changes in the business portfolio. Along with it, revitalizing the management systems and management style was required to generate ambition. This also led to a changed structure of GE. Several layers of management and large numbers of administrative positions were eliminated under Welchs supervision of special importance is the disbanding of GEs sectors, which resulted in the direct reporting by 13 business leaders to the CEO. The CEOs office expanded to include a corporate Executive council to facilitate GEs senior corporate officers and business level chiefs. Changing management systems and processes: A more flexible and responsive corporation resulted from the changes in GEs structure. GEs highly developed management systems were also required to be changed, specially the much popular strategic planning system. A less formal and more personal process substituted the staff-led, document driven process though the framework of an annual planning cycle was retained. Modify human resource management: The development of management talent contributed GEs long-term development and performance. Welch retained GEs well-developed management appraisal system and development. He thought that greater flourishing of managerial talent could be achieved by vesting managers with greater profit and loss responsibility early in their career. And better incentives were required to encourage risk taking and higher levels of performance aspiration. The bonus system was redesigned to reach into the middle of middle management. There were stark discrimination on the bonuses. Corporate Initiative: Periodic new corporate initiative as mechanisms to drive particular aspects of companywide performance was used by Welch. About every two year Welch would announce a major new initiative designed to energize the company and drive its performance in a particular direction, while strategic planning, financial control and human resource management provided the basic systems for managing GE. This initiative would be absorbed into the ongoing management systems of GE over time. Work out: The no-holds-barred discussion sessions that Welch held with different managers groups at GEs Management Development Institute at crotonville, New York, gave birth to the idea of GEs work-out process. Because work-out has a practical and an intellectual goal, it could achieve fundamental changes in management the riddance of several bad hobbits during all this twice being the objective. The second objective is intellectual, which puts the leaders of all businessing front of 100 or so, if their people, to let them know what they think. This is done 8-10 times a year. They will get to know more, about their business- feelings, opinions, resentments etc. Its about re-defining the leader-subordinate relationship. This helps form all kinds of dynamics, source go and hide, and others emerge successful. The Boundary less Organization: Though Welch reacted strongly to GEs is depicted as a conglomerate, it did GE good, for the utilization of its products and geographical diversity for the betterment of performance led to GEs growth and expansion. Globalization: GEs global responsibilities included exploiting international growth opportunities and the advantages of global reach. This was done through exploiting increased learning opportunities and global that affected particular countries could be handled properly because of global diversity. Also the advantages of such downturns were well-used. Six Sigma: This program dominated corporate initiative and primary driver of organizational change and performance movement during 1998 to 2000. Soul transferring cultural initiative- such was it called by Welch. Motorola inspired the methodology of measuring , analyzing, defining, improving and thus controlling every process that lead to the customer so that the defects reduced to 3.4 per million. P5. Evaluation of the Change Merger and acquisition: Several importance purchases were made by GE in the year 1986, including the $ 6.4 billion purchase of the Radio Corporation of America (RCA), the largest for the company till that date. Interestingly, GE in 1919 had helped to found the company. GE/s broadcasting business was brought into full force by RCAs National Broadcasting company (NBC) , the leading television network. This RCA GE match was considered beneficial by the company though both the companies were heavily involved into consumer electronics. This success had been possible because GE had been shifting into service and high technology from manufacturing compared to the50 percent 6 year before almost 80 percent of GEs earnings came from services and high technology, after the merger. GEs labs made RCAs famous David Saran off Research Centre quite redundant and divested itself of it. RCAs television manufacturing business was sold to a French company Thomson in 1987. Thomsons medical diagnostics b usiness was taken up by GE instead. And to complete 130 European acquisitions, GE spent $ 30 billion during the 1990s. Restructuring:- e-business was chosen by GE for further growth of the company in 1999. GE cautiously reacted to the Interact explosion in the 1990s. Though it was thought that the Honeywell deal would serve as a capstone for Welchs much admired leadership it ended sourly. Because of the11th hour negotiations between the European regulator and GE executives were broken down, the European commission had to block the deal on antitrust grounds on 2001. Restructing: The Headquarters and the interiors of the business experienced further elimantions. Decisions were taken by the operating units which could have four layers in the hierarchy. Welch was named Neutron Jack for his administrative costs and ruthless attacks on bureaucracy. It was so severe, that many people had to leave. Human Resource modification: Because of the restricting, fewer people were left, and the 10 to 15 percent bonus was substituted by 30 to 40 percent bonus. Also, much wider range of managerial and technical employees received stock options instead of just the top echelon of management. The number of stock options receiving employees increased to 22,000 by the end of 1995, from a 400 in early 1980s and Welch said the stock compensation which was based on total GE performance salary or bonus associated with the performance of individual business or unit then. This enables a harmonious relationship between the interests of the individual, the company, and the share owner behind the powerful on company results. Workout: the interaction between people will create the scope for rewarding and more fulfilling jobs for it is when they meet and talk, opportunities broaden. The quality of work life too is bound to improve. Work out concentrated on eliminating bureaucratic practices, at first but with time it evolved to the analysis and redesigning of complex cross-functional processes-involving customers, suppliers and Ge employees. Sig Sigma: It became an unprecendents fervor across an unprecendentant broad front at GE. 100000 people were trained in sciences and methodology in four years, GE reported by 2001,- six sigma was their way of working, speaking a common language of DMOS (defects per million opportunities), Needs Assessment Maps, CTQS (critical to quality) , FMEAs (Failure, mode effect analysis) etc. GE gained as lot in performance and it moved the rank from reduced waste and lower operating costs to improved, financial management and faster customer service. P6. Model of Planned change: The action research model, contemporary adaptations to the action research model, and Lewins change are the three theories which tells about the process of planned change in the organization. It showcases the four basic principles that is to be carried out by the practitioners and organization members. It can be drawn into a diagram, a flowchart , depicting the series of actions and its consequences-events from entering and contracting, to planning and working out the change, to evaluating and institutionalizing change. It is not a simple linear flowchart, but is constructed of overlaps and cycles among the activities. Unfreez, change, freez: Infreez, change, freez (or Refreez) is a three stage theory of change designed by Kurte Lewin . Though the three stages can be complicate it is not required , for it works fine even when simple. But the simplicity has been criticized. And though it has been change considerably since 1947, it is still relevant. This model has helped the formation of many others model as well. The three stages, i.e. unfreezing, change and Freezing are explained in the following paragraphs:- Stage 1. Unfreezing:- The first stage is the most important and should be understood very well. It creates the ground for the change. It creates awareness about the change and prepares the organization for it. Making it come out of the comfort zone. Under Welch this first stage contributing the organization, using lessens, delaying the organization etc. He actually merged and used acquisition, using the six sigma to bring about this change Stage -2- Change-or Transition Kurt Lewin knows that change is a process, not event and called it transition. This journey also involves our reaction to the change. In the second stage the changes actually occur. He used merger and acquisition changing management system and process to help the change happen. This involved restructuring, reengineering and changing the HR to bring out the best within. He also made use of devices like work out globalization, boundary less organization, and six sigma. Stage 3. Freezing It is variably called the Refreezing. It is about stabilizing the situation after the changes. It is about making people aware and comfortable about the new norms, routines. It can be time consuming. GE achieved huge success through this method and was ranked 10 in the SFORTUNE 500 magazine. P7. Implementation Procedure Communication Communication is the most important and required process to let the employees know about the consequences of not adopting to the change and the benefits that the post change time will reap. Objectives, coverage, timing, costs; individual and organizational implications and change methods should be communicated. Educated and Training Education and Training is required to teach the employees who may not have the desired environmental, functional, financial, organizational, technical, strategic and behavioral knowledge or skills. Participation and Involvement Participation of the concerned people is absolutely necessary right from the beginning. This also helps to generate a sense of responsibility, ownership. Facilitation and Support Skilled facilitators implement the change initiatives. Proposals and issues since resolution of conflict team building and development of a conducive change climate are surfaced through them. Negotiation Some valuable things are needed to be exchanged for reducing the resistence among the employees, so the change agent has to negotiate. This is particularly interesting in the case of resistance from powerful employees. Tongue battle, supportive facilitator and cognitive Reasoned are the three styles of Negotiation. Implicit and Explicit: Direct threats or force is applied on those who strongly resist lent this method works only in a crisis situation, otherwise it is quite redundant. Contingency plan for GE A contingency plan can be made when eligible CEO candidates who cannot be fully located or trained by the hand once deadline, and through this Welch could extend the tenure. The person can be employed as an unofficial consultant, even though the government mandated retirement age is reached by 2011. The company would be benefited with adequate breathing room. The chances of the creation of dangerous powerful acumms during the change or transition from old tonew CEO can also be avoided.

The Ethics of Stem Cell Research Essay example -- Genetic Engineering

According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), stem cells are 1 "Cells with the ability to divide for indefinite periods in culture and to give rise to specialized cells." Stem cells are basically unspecialized cells that can, with proper physiologic or experimental conditions, become specialized cells. Specialized cells are usually called differentiated cells. These differentiated cells can then be used to repair damaged cells and eventually cure many diseases and disorders in humans. This could revolutionize the way society treats health issues. Instead of trying to destroy and sure a disease or disorder, doctors could simply grow new cells that would be able to repair or replace the damaged cells and tissue. Adult Stem Cells There are two major types of stem cells, embryonic and adult stem cells. Adult stem cells are the undifferentiated cells that are found in tissue and organs in adults. These cells are usually found mixed in with differentiated cells. These cells are used to repair and maintain the tissue in which they are found. Research of adult stem cells began in the 1960?s when scientists discovered them in bone marrow. Stem cells from bone marrow have been used in transplants for the past 30 years. Currently, scientists are unsure as to how adult stem cells develop. A major advantage to using adult stem cells is that each patient?s stem cells can be extracted, grown, and then reinserted into their body. This would ensure that the immune system would not reject the new cells. One of the problems with adult stem cells is that there are a very few number of stem cells in a sample of tissue. Another problem is that scientists are unsure about the flexibility of adult stem cells. Since they are found only i... ...ws-item94.htm >. Stem Cell Basics. 2002. National Institutes of Health (NIH). 16 Nov. 2003. ?Stem Cell Debate Revives an Old Ideological Battle,? New York Times [NY] 6 Jul. 2001. first ed.: A17 ?Stem Cell Research; Global Differences: As the U.S. Hesitates, Other Countries Move Ahead With Studies on Embryos,? San Jose Mercury News [CA] 7 May 2002, morning final: 1E. ?Tangled Issues In Congress: Cloning and Stem Cell Study,? New York Times [NY] 31 Jul 2001, first ed.: A17 ?Use of Cloning to Tailor Treatment Has Big Hurdles, Including Cost,? New York Times [NY] 18 Dec. 2001 first ed.: F2 What Are Stem Cells and What are They Used For? 2002. How Stuff Works. 15 Nov. 2003. . P1.http://www4.od.nih.gov/stemcell/figure1_primer0902big.jpg

Chinese Occupation of Tibet Essay -- China Rights Invasion Papers

Chinese Occupation of Tibet In 1949, China entered Tibet using military force and has been occupying the country since. During China’s occupation of Tibet, countless human rights violations have been committed towards the Tibetan citizens. By killing off and forcing millions of Tibetans out of their country, destroying most of the Tibetan monasteries and forcing Communist beliefs on the Tibetans, China has succeeded in permanently altering the Tibetan culture. Tibet has received some support from the US and other countries in the UN but not enough to free them from China’s occupation. Many individual countries as well as the UN have given recognition to the human rights violations in Tibet but to date no countries have risked ruining their good relations with China to formally help Tibet. In order to prevent further suffering of the Tibetan citizens and destruction of their unique culture, foreign support must be given to Tibet. The US has a lot of influence in this matter and has the a bility to pass pro-Tibet legislation and put pressure on China to end human rights violations or completely withdraw from the country and recognize its independence. To make this bold move, the US would have to risk breaking positive relations with China. Tibet’s culture as we once knew it has been wiped out and if action is not taken to help Tibetan relations with China the human rights violations will continue. The Chinese government has considered Tibet as a part of their nation since 1890 when they attempted to open Tibet to trade with Britain. This trade agreement was met by Tibetan resistance and never became effective. China did no show persistence in its alleged sovereignty over Tibet until 1949 when China was... .... In Exile from the Land of Snows. HarperPerennial: New York, NY, 1997. Norbu, Dawa, China’s Tibet Policy. Curzon Press: Richmond, Surrey, 2001. Goldstein, Melvyn C., The Snow Lion and the Dragon: China, Tibet, and the Dalai Lama. University of California Press: Berkeley, CA, 1997. Xu, Guangqiu. â€Å"The United States and the Tibetan Issue.† Asian Survey 37.11 (1997): 1062-1077. Karmel, Solomon. â€Å"Ethnic Tension and the Struggle for Order: China’s Policies in Tibet.† Pacific Affairs 68.4 (1995-1996): 485-508. Norbu, Dawa. â€Å"China’s Dialogue With the Dalai Lama 1978-90: Prenegotiation State of Dead End?† Pacific Affairs 64.3 (1991): 351-372. Nathan, Andrew J. â€Å"Human Rights in Chinese Foreign Policy.† China Quarterly 0.139 (1994): 622-643. Rubin, Alffred P. â€Å"The Position of Tibet in International Law.† China Quarterly 0.35 (1968): 110-154.

Orlick as the Dark Side of Pip in Dickens Great Expectations Essay

Orlick as the Dark Side of Pip in Dickens' Great Expectations Charles Dickens’ aptly titled novel Great Expectations focuses on the journey of the stories chief protagonist, Pip, to fulfill the expectations of his life that have been set for him by external forces. The fusing of the seemingly unattainable aspects of high society and upper class, coupled with Pip’s insatiable desire to reach such status, drives him to realize these expectations that have been prescribed for him. The encompassing desire that he feels stems from his experiences with Mrs. Havisham and the unbridled passion that he feels for Estella. Pip realizes that due to the society-imposed caste system that he is trapped in, he will never be able to acquire Estella’s love working as a lowly blacksmith at the forge. The gloomy realizations that Pip is undergoing cause him to categorically despise everything about himself, feeling ashamed for the life he is living when illuminated by the throngs of the upper class. These feelings are summed up in Pip’s utter disgust and hatred for the character of Orlick. To Pip, Orlick represents everything that he abhors about himself. When Pip sees Orlick he envisions what awaits him in the future; being ensnared in a life that he couldn’t bear. Orlick, in actualization, is Pip without his high expectations. But there is a much deeper and ominous aspect of the relationship between Pip and Orlick. Dickens uses the character of Orlick to symbolize the darkside of Pip. Pip’s innermost primal feelings and desires are represented through Orlick’s actions, which Pip is ultimately responsible for. These actions ultimately lead to the downfall of both men. In the first scene where we see Pip and Orlick together, there is ... ...eration. It’s ironic that if only Pip had followed through with the original expectations that he had set for himself instead of the supposed greater expectations that he hoped for, he would have been better off. Works Cited and Consulted Bell, Vereen. "Understanding the Characters of Great Expectations." Victorian Newsletter 27 (1965): 21-24. Dickens, Charles. Great Expectations. Ed. Janice Carlisle. Boston: Bedford, St. Martin's, 1996. Rawlins, Jack P. "Great Expectations: Dickens and the Betrayal." Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900. 23 (1983): 667-683. Millhauser, Milton. "Great Expectations: The Downfall." Dickens Studies Annual 2 (1972): 267-276. Rosenberg, Edgar. "Last Words on Great Expectations." Dickens Studies Annual 9 (1981): 87- 107. Sucksmith, Harvey Peter. The Narrative Art of Charles Dickens. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1970.

Beauty Pageants Aren’t Exploitive

Beauty Pageants aren't Exploitive All kinds of beauty pageants are held every year. Many girls are dreaming to participate in them to show theirselves and achieve what they want. In order to get the chance, they may use different ways. Therefore, some people think that beauty pageants are kind of exploitive, which I am disagree with . Proponents of this idea claim that looking good is the standard you get into through a beauty pageant but ignore the deeper meanings of women.There is nothing wrong with judging people primarily on their physical conditions. We do this all the time in competitive sport, where fitness and strength are major determinants of success. Every competition, of every kind, values certain qualities over others. Similarly, we can give a prize to a beautiful woman for her beauty without implying that beauty is all that matters about anyone. People who against it think that beauty pageants make harmful attitudes to women.In a society which there really are fewer opp ortunities for women than for men, beauty pageants give women a chance to get noticed and to improve their situations. Winning a beauty pageant can be a route to success. Some people maybe totally disagree with it. They put forward this idea because in order to participate in it, some girls may try all kinds of extreme ways to keep fit and it's harmful to them. Entering a beauty pageant and performing well requires a great deal of qualities which are both very useful to possess.When there is a stage full of good-looking young women, the winner must be someone with personality and confidence, but not just an attractive appearance. Alex Comfort said:†A woman's greatest asset is her beauty. Though the beauty pageant do have something bad for the beauty in the past, it isn't exploitive. It has changed as the society is developing. It can help you succeed, know yourself and show your charm.

King Charles and the Power Struggles after the Battle of Edgehill

England- being the site of industrial revolution and subjected to several wars can be considered as more developed economically and politically. Alongside with these developments, people in England had established the Parliament as a response to the growing need of the people for an organized society apart from the ruling of the monarchy at the time. However, the decline in the power of the monarchy including that of King Charles and the rise in the power of the parliament were not without struggles.The Battle of Edgehill characterized the classic battle for power between the Parliament and the monarchy (King Charles) in their bid to show who has the most political power in England. Characteristically, the Battle of Edgehill is a power struggle between the Parliament or democracy and King Charles and the monarchy. At the time when there is an increasing acceptance and power accorded to the Parliament, the question has been raised on who can appropriate and approve funds- the King or the Parliament.This being the root cause of the Battle of Edgehill and the four (4) years that followed after an indecisive outcome of the war had been studied from the point of view of political scientists and sociologists. This paper on the other hand, seeks to provide an evaluation on the significance of the Battle of Edgehill on the power struggles of King Charles and the Parliament after the years that followed. It can be recalled that while the way was opened for King Charles' troops, no victor emerged in the war.The vagueness of the result then further pushed the power struggle and hence, put England at the theme of monarchy vs Parliament. Power Struggle: King Charles vs. The Parliament and the Battle of Edgehill The triggering factor in the Battle of Edgehill has been the conflict on who would determine the kind of rule that England would be governed with. According to the side of the Parliaments, it is they who should decide on this matter as they have the mandate of the pe ople. On the other hand, the monarchy under King Charles claimed that it is the monarchy with the divine provision who should rule England on their discretion.An important element in this disagreement is the discernment on who should appropriate funds and how to allocate them. For King Charles, the monarchy has the sole authority to use funds on their discretion; on the other hand, the parliament asserts that they have the right to deny and appropriate funds from the crown. Hence, the inability of the two opposing forces to reach an agreement precluded the Battle of Edgehill and the English Civil War. Prior to the start of the war, both sides had acknowledged and prepared for the inevitability of war.King Charles took charge of the Royal Army with about 13,000 forces together with Prince Rupert of Rhine whereas, the Parliament headed by the Earl of Essex commanded about 14,000-15,000 military men. Before the war broke, England has been divided into areas that support the Parliament and the monarchy. For instance, Wales had been considered to be the territory of King Charles whereas Parliament has control of Essex and the Midlands. The predictability of the war made the two opposing sides prepare for it. On the side of King Charles, he handed out the Commissions of Array compelling the Lords of each county to prepare the royal army.On the other hand, the Parliament signed the Militia Ordinance in order to command England's trained military personnel. The process of accumulating all the needed armed men took a few months on both sides as it was not easy to assimilate the troops necessary for battle. After Charles secured the necessary weaponry for war, he moved to Shrewsbury in order to meet up with the troops coming from Wales. On the other hand, the Earl of Essex with directives coming from the Parliament assimilated a slightly large troop in Northampton and then went to Worcester.Prior to the Battle of Edgehill, the strength of each force was tested in the Ba ttle of Powick Bridge where the Royal Army defeated the Parliament army. En route to its success, King Charles planned to march towards the center of power in England- London in order to seize power and defeat the Parliament Army. En route to London, both troops were unaware as to the location of their enemies. On their way to London, the Royal Army of King Charles had an encounter with the Parliament Army at Banbury who then sought help from the Warwick Castle. By the evening of October 22, the Parliament Army went to rescue its troops in Kineton.In October 23, 1642 by the orders of King Charles, the Royal Army trooped to Edgehill because of the threat of the Parliament Army. From there, the battle of Edgehill occurred. Scholars assert that the Royal Army was more trained, young and were predominantly gentlemen whereas the Parliament Army were experienced but are older and with less armory than the enemy(Evans, 2005). While the Royal Army was in place of the battle earlier than the Parliament Army, the Royal Army members are largely more inexperienced and when it came to foot battle, the Parliament army had the upper hand.However, due to the tactical and strategy of scattering the Royal Army, the Essex or the Parliament Army succumbed and they withdrew from the battle. Both sides stayed and camped on Edgehill for the night. What is surprising about the battle is that King Charles had not expected that the battle would have so many casualties not only on their side but also on the other camp. The unwillingness of both sides to resume battle had made some scholars declare the battle to be a draw while others assert that it was the Royal Army under King Charles who won the fight.However, King Charles was unable to patronize and seize the victory and improve his power position. Hence, the power struggle between the monarchy and the parliament went on for years. Analysis Inordinately, the Battle of Edgehill signalled the six year war that constituted the English C ivil Wars from 1642-1648. However, it should be noted that the Battle of Edgehill was not a one-time spontaneous battle but a series of disagreements between the Parliament and the monarchy on who should rule England. Hence, the lack of resolution of the battle had pushed for more wars.Consequently, it is not only the war that made the post Battle of Edgehill continues but rather the political power struggle that constituted after it had pushed for more wars in order to find resolution. Hence, the Battle of Edgehill had exposed more issues to be confronted leading for more civil wars in England. First, the power struggle between King Charles and the monarchy versus the Parliament and Oliver Cromwell (leader of the Parliamentary Army) stems from the very nature of the legitimacy of their rule. The question posited is that â€Å"who should rule England, the monarchy or the Parliament?â€Å". The long dominance of the monarchy in England ended in the Industrial Revolution when the Pa rliament was formed in response to the growing need of the people to be represented and reform the political and economic policies in the society. Add to this, the growing discontent on the rule of the monarchy and its inability to solve poverty and unemployment issues were still prevalent in the English Civil War. This was one of the primary issues why despite the century long rule of the monarchy, several states in England had supported the Parliament in their bid to out rule King Charles.On the other hand, counties such as Wales were still loyal to the monarchy and supported King Charles. Hence, the question remained after the Battle of Edgehill. King Charles whose power emanates from the Divine Rights of Kings and hence, its primary supporters were the Catholic Church and the Pope. From this power, Parliament seeking to end his arbitrary practices and refuse to be given the financial resources had a temporary agreement until King Charles dissolved Parliament in 1629 in order to pursue his goals of religious orthodoxy- Catholicism for all of the people of England.The end of the Battle of Edgehill did not end this power struggle. For instance, King Charles after the battle continued to dominate the west, southwest and north parts of England whereas the Parliament had Eas Anglia, Southeast and London as its territory. The division of the people and the question of who should rule them are therefore still prevalent after the Battle of Edgehill. Second, King Charles and the Parliament continued to rally people to support their sides even after the battle. Parliament retained the support of the army despite the seeming victory of King Charles in the post Battle of Edgehill era.Hence, lacking the necessary resources to put up his own army, King Charles was in shambles particularly because Parliament was preparing for another civil war. For instance, the Parliament allied themselves with the Scottish Presbyterian in 1643, giving the Parliament the upper hand in te rms of army and military power. Consequently, with the institution of the New Model Army, training that was lacking among the Parliamentary Army in the Battle of Edgehill was instituted in order to strengthen the Parliament troops.Thus, the struggle of power continued with King Charles and the Parliament. Third, King Charles continued to struggle with the Parliament by aligning the monarchy with Scottish Army. By this time, King Charles still considers the monarchy as the stable force that counters the instability of the parliamentary. Consequently, King Charles saw the opportunity to gain back the power when the Parliament was divided by differences between Presbyterians and the Independents. However, the war waged by Charles against the Parliament failed with the victory of Cromwell in Preston by 1648.Finally, the power struggle was ended by the Parliament when it sentenced King Charles to death in 1649 by beheading him in the Banqueting House in Whitehall, London. The decision by the Parliament rested on the premise that King Charles still holds power over some of the population in England and hence, it cannot effectively establish its power if he is still alive. However, the aspirations of the Parliament to end the Civil War by ending the life of King Charles did not succeed (Dix, 1992). England will go on for more wars concerning the power struggle between the monarchy and the Parliament.Each of these entities asserts that they are the ones who are representing the stability of England by enforcing the constitutional and social rules. Additionally, the legacy that was left by King Charles was carried on by supporters of monarchy. On the other hand, the struggle for power by the Parliament continues. King Charles death marked the beginning of another round of struggle. For the period surrounding the trial, the most powerful theme is the exaltation of form over substance: The army and its Puritan allies believed they could not execute Charles without appear ing to follow acceptable legal procedure (Roberts and Tincey, 2001).The very idea of trying a king must have appalled English citizens. They were contemplating impeaching not just the constitutional head of government, but also a hereditary monarch, who, some believed, could heal with his touch. The Cromwellians tried to overcome objections by disposing of the King through the formal legal process of a trial. After Cromwell's death, the power of the Parliament was weakened and the restoration of the monarchy was underway. However, problems concerning the emancipation of the Catholics as well as the Catholic succession had the Parliament's disapproval again.Hence, after James II fled, the Parliament seeking to reinstate the monarchy, declared William and Mary the King and Queen. From thereon, the Declaration of Rights that changed the power of the monarchy up to this day was declared. This change resulted to the delegation of power to the monarchy as merely symbolic in nature. This i mplies that legislative power and matters of the state would be the sole domain of the Parliament while the monarchy which once held power indiscriminately was relegated to the sidelines and became the head of state- a symbolic position that is relevant to the history of England.Conclusion History reveals that conflict between the political concepts of monarchy and Parliamentarism or of a Republic is fairly common. This is true in the case of King Charles and the Parliament in the Battle of Edgehill. Prior to the Battle of Edgehill, King Charles had been exposed to several power struggles that led him to the abolition of the Parliament. These acts were deemed to be indiscriminate particularly when he increased the taxes of the people and entered into wars that England has no use of.Hence, the rise in power of the Parliament was a direct result of the actions of Charles. After the Battle of Edgehill, the series of English Civil Wars follows. The same theme ensued: who holds the power to rule England? The answer was not resolved in the Battle of Edgewood and the years later would result to more casualties and wars and power struggles between the monarchy and the Parliament. However, the tactical alliance made by the Parliament secured its power over King Charles who succumbed to the Parliament.The inability of King Charles and the Parliament to enter into a common ground has historically scarred the country- but this can be considered as a necessary struggle in order to define and redefine what England is now. First, the power struggle marked the decline of the monarchy and the Divine Power of Kings and the rise of republics ruled by the people and for the people. Second, the insistence of King Charles of religious orthodoxy was unwarranted and gained him more enemies than supporters. Third, it made leaders accountable for their actions.While King Charles rested on his Divine Power, the people at the time were increasingly aware of their own power as well. The i nability of the King to address poverty and unemployment decreased their legitimacy and claim to power. Fourth, the Parliament together with Enlightenment was able to educate and introduce the people to the concepts of freedom, democracy and rule of the people. While both parties had struggled for power, their goal was the same: to uphold England. However, the means by which they have accomplished this was a result of years of power struggles of which lives were sacrificed.However, the resolution via the separation of monarchy as symbolic in nature (head of state) and the Parliament who would run the government was the good result of this political struggle. References Dix, P. (1992) The Ghosts of Edgehill, Leamington Spa, Peter Dix Press. Evans, R. (2005) The ‘Loyal Unknown Soldier': Wales and the English Civil War Robin Evans Assesses the Contribution of the Welsh to the Troubles of 1642-49. History Review. 53(1): 23-29. Roberts, K and Tincey, J. (2001) Edgehill 1642 : first battle of the English Civil War, Oxford : Osprey Military.

Pareto Analysis

MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING & PERFORMANCE EVALUATION MAF 635 PARETO ANALYSIS GROUP 10 PREPARED FOR: PN. ZARINAH ABDUL RASIT CONTENT | PAGE| INTRODUCTION| 2| WHAT IS PARETO ANALYSIS? | 2| HISTORY OF PARETO ANALYSIS| 3| WHEN TO USE PARETO ANALYSIS| 3| HOW TO USE PARETO ANALYSIS| 4| RISK AND WAYS TO AVOID IT| 7| ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES| 8| CONCLUSION| 8| APPENDIX| 9| INTRODUCTION In this chapter, we will discuss on Pareto Analysis topic which is a statistical techniques in decision making. We will focus on: * The definition of Pareto Analysis. * The history of Pareto Analysis. * When we can use Pareto Analysis. How to use Pareto Analysis. * The risks of using Pareto Analysis. * Ways to avoid the risks arises. * The advantages and disadvantages of Pareto Analysis. WHAT IS PARETO ANALYSIS? The definition of Pareto Analysis can be identified as statistical techniques in decision making. The difference between other decision making techniques is this analysis are applying the 80/20 rule. Which is by doing 20% of works, will gain 80% advantage of the entire works. Meaning here is by only focusing on significant issue or problems, we can gain a 80% returns as we focus on the entire works.This Pareto Analysis is a creative way of looking at causes of problems to help stimulate thinking and organize thought. HISTORY OF PARETO ANALYSIS WHEN TO USE PARETO ANALYSIS * During problem analysis, to find those sub-problems that will return the greatest benefits. * Used in any general situation where you want to prioritise action. For example, use it when selecting potential solutions, by comparing their cost-benefit ratios. * Use it in a team situation to show results of voting. HOW TO USE PARETO ANALYSIS STEPS | DESCRIPTION | EXAMPLE |Identify Items to compare | * Identify the items to be analysed and charted. * These should be a single complete group that can be measured in the same way. | For example ‘Damaged seats’| Choose measurement units| * Find a measurement uni t this that will lead to the highest bar being the most important to address. * This is often a count of something. | A weighting factor may be used to ensure the highest number is the most important. | Plan the measurement| * Determine how many items must be measured to build a representative chart. Plan the detail of the work, including who will measure what, how, for how long, and so on. | If possible aim for around 50 items, as this will give a statistically repeatable chart. If you repeat the measurement, keep all conditions as similar as possible. | Measure as planned| * Carry out the measurement as planned. * A Check Sheet can be used to manually record measurements. | | Plot the chart| * Plot the results in vertical bars, sorted with the highest bar on the left. | If there are a lot of items that would lead to a long tail of small bars, you can combine these into an ‘others’. Select the focus| * Choose the number of bars which you will address further (this is u sually one or two). | If there are a lot of items that would lead to a long tail of small bars, you can combine these into an ‘others’. | Take action| * Take the work to the next stage by acting on your findings. | If the bar selected is big, you can find a further focus by breaking this down into a sub-Pareto chart. | EXAMPLE: * The city hospital has to analyse and solve the various complaints of the patients, which are submitted to the Head Nurse Office. In order to analyse the complaints and claims we use the Pareto Diagram. With consideration 845 received complaints, starting from the complaint forms filled in by the medical service beneficiaries, which were grouped in the following categories. 1) COMPLAINTS BY CATEGORY: 2) REARRANGE THE PROBLEMS ACCORDING TO THE MOST SIGNIFICANT TO THE LEAST SIGNIFICANT ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER OF COMPLAINTS RECEIVED. 3) PLOT THE GRAPH, CREATE THE CHART AND DRAW THE CUMULATIVE CURVE RISK OF PARETO ANALYSIS & HOW TO AVOID IT RISKS| S TEPS TO AVOID| * Selecting the wrong items, such as jumping to conclusions rather than using proven facts. | * Take care to start with the right problem. * Using measures which lead to the highest bar on the chart indicating something that is not the most appropriate item to address. | * Remember that the focus is to find the most important item, so get measurements right. | * Assuming the people who are doing the measurement are motivated and able to do this. | * Educate the people who are doing the measurements and check with their managers that they can do this extra work. | * Ending up with things that are too-big to address. | * Carefully consider the effort you will need to address the selected items.If this will be too much, then take another step to find a lower-level focus. | * Last-minute changes that are based on intuition rather than measurements and known facts. | * Be very careful when taking intuitive leaps. It is often better to trust a process which can later be ver ified. | ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF PARETO ANALYSIS ADVANTAGES: 1. Organizational Efficiency -The problems ranked highest in severity should become the main focus for problem resolution of improvement. 2. Enhanced problem-solving skills -Enables management to organize work-related problems into connected facts. . Improved decision making -Can measure and compare the impact of changes that take place in an organization. DISADVANTAGES: 1. Easy to make but hard to troubleshoot -Provide no insight on the root causes 2. Multiple Pareto chart may be needed -Further analysis and more charts are needed 3. Qualitative Vs Quantitative data -Can only show qualitative data that can be observed. CONCLUSION Here, we can conclude that Pareto Analysis are helping in decision making by identifying the significant issues or problems to be solved and get the high advantage by doing entire jobs.The 80/20 rule states that by focusing on 20% of the entire problems, we may generate 80% of the advantage of the entire job. Therefore, we can saves time and improved decision making skills by solving the right or significant problems rather than focus on the symptoms only. However, Pareto Analysis also have some drawbacks when they’re failed to determine the root causes and it needs further analysis since the Parato Analysis only gives the significant problems according to the information gained from unskilled person on the certain issue such as from customers, clients, suppliers and other parties. APPENDIX

Human rights violation against Kurdish minorities in Turkey Essay

Kish had never known how it feels to be happy. As a small boy, his parents were killed when one of the major buildings in the city was bombed. He was very young then and he cannot even recall the faces of his parents. Fortunately he sought refuge with neighbors who were more than willing to take him in. However, after a few months of his stay, events took a new turn. Kish became the house help of the Mirth family. Too tiny to cope up with the difficult chaos, Kish received insults for a small mistake. Sometimes, he was severely whipped. Every member of the large family could turn their anger to the small child. While other children of the house attended their classes, Kish was denied the right for his education. Orphaned and homeless, Kish had no one to turn to or a better place to run away to. He thus remained with the terrible family, enduring pain and suffering. Kish is just a representation of what the Turkish Kurds have gone through in the past. The Kurds as they are widely known have no place they can call home. They are the ancient Middle East people who live in Kurdistan, a mountainous place. The Turkish government has been part and parcel in the oppression and discrimination of the Kurds in the country (English Online, nd). Kurdistan covers different countries namely: Turkey, Syria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iraq and Iran. After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East in the early 20th century, independent states like Turkey and Iran were formed with the exception of a Kurdistan state. Many are the times when the Kurds have been promised of an independent state of their own but the countries around refused the creation of independent Kurdistan state. The Kurds have inhabited this particular place for a number of centuries now. They had been like homeless children as they had never had their own country. The countries on which Kurdistan stands have taken advantage of their homelessness and oppressed the Kurds beyond measure (English Online, nd). The suffering tale of the Kurds Turkey can win the Nobel Peace Breaking Award (if such is introduced) for their mistreatments on the minorities. It is nearly two hundred years now and the Turks are still adamant to abandon the malpractices. The only term that can best describe the Turks is, ‘bloody killers. ’ In the early 20th century, they conducted a genocide that left a million and a half Armenians dead. The blood thirsty Turks have turned their heads towards the Kurds who have been fighting for their identity, culture and language. Approximately 30,000 Kurds have been slain by the cruel sword of the Turks (Lobby, nd). The Turks not only killed but also displaced The Kurds. Turkish troops have put 3,000 Kurdish villages ablaze putting the lives of three million Kurds in refugees’ camps (Lobby, nd). In the years1980s and 90s, Kurdish communities were evicted from their homes by the Turkish security forces. The act was aimed at depriving the armed PKK (Worker’s Party of Kurdistan) accessibility to infrastructure and goods. ,500 towns together with villages were blazed under the state of emergency rule. From a research done in the month of December 2006 by the Turkish government, approximately one million Kurds had been displaced out of south east Turkey from 1986 – 2005. The NGOs had a different figure of between one and four million five hundred thousand which is quite a shocking figure of the IDPs (Internally Displaced People). They had to be compensated for the displacement but by the set deadline of May 2008, 313,829 cases had still been filed. According to reports IDPs were to receive lower compensations as compared with state officials. The officials are said to have suffered damages during the conflict. Did they suffer more or less than the Kurdish? Furthermore who started the chaos? In this compensation also there is gender discrimination and senseless documentary evidence requirements. Other damages caused like post – traumatic stress was not compensated (Jaroslawski, 2008). The Progressive Report of the European Commission of 2008 points out that if the situation of the IDPs is not going to be addressed, they will continue suffering socially and economically. The IDPS will have no accessibility to educational, health and social services. This is an indication that the IDPs by nature are discriminated against not by their fate but by being Kurdish (Jaroslawski, 2008). Turkey has carried out ethnic cleansing and displaced the Kurds from their homes for no mature reason. This can only be termed as violation of the human rights (Lobby, nd). The Kurdish people are objects of torture by the Turkish security officers. A report by the Human Rights Watch in 2007 showed that there was an increased police brutality when the daily identity checks were being carried out. The prisoners also carried the same cross as they were maltreated. Fatal shootings of the Kurdish people were common activities; they were not carried out by rogues but were extrajudicial killings. Why was all this brutality so common in the southeast Turkey and to the Kurdish Humanity? The security officer use force wrongly and intimidate the Kurds (Jaroslawski, 2008). Human rights violation against the Kurds continues to be experienced. There are new anti-terror regulations that have been put to infringe on the rights of the Kurds. Examples as Jaroslawski lists them include†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ access to a lawyer for suspected detainees may now be denied for a period of 24 hours, publishing houses can be temporary closed without court decision under accusation of ’ terrorist propaganda’ and conscientious objection (from military service) can now be considered as a terrorist offence† (Jaroslawski, 2008). Why does this only happen to Kurdish- related – issues? Judges can give many interpretations concerning ‘incitement to violence’ and ‘public interest’ as far as the Kurds are concerned. It will lead to freedom of expression violations! (Jaroslawski, 2008). Kurds have been treated unfairly by Turkish government who have coined a name for them; â€Å"mountain Kurds (English Online, nd). In a demonstration, a Kurdish girl, Berivan aged 15 received 8 year imprisonment for throwing stones at the police at a banned PKK rally. Was this young girl judged fairly? It was not a surprise for Bervian’s arrest as Kurdish children get imprisoned for singing Kurdish songs (Kayserian, 2010). What crime is committed by speaking a language that you were born with? The Kurds speak a language close to Persian but the Turkish governments have forbidden them from speaking their own language (English Online, nd). Each and every language group has a culture but the question that is hard to answer is; is there culture superiority? The Kurds were not allowed to express themselves culturally. They were not permitted to wear their own traditional clothes in towns and cities (English – online, nd). The Kurdish culture was presented by the Turkish officials as backwards and violent. This was an aim to eradicate the Kurdish culture and replace it with the more ‘modernized’ values of the Turks (Jaroslawski, 2008). The Kurds have their own identity. For example they claim that the name ‘Kurd’ is onomatopoeic for the sound made by cracking snow as the ‘highlander Turks’ walked along the mountainous place. The Turkish community is working very hard to see that the ethnic identity of the Kurds has been completely eroded. All that the Kurdish community wants from Turkey is their language right. They are claiming the freedom to let them learn and speak their language. However, this is only possible after the Turkish constitution has been amended. This will not come so fast; the freedom to use their language will continue to be denied for a longer time (Jaroslawki, 2008). Though some radio stations have been allowed to broadcast in other languages other than Turkish, educational radio programs to teach Kurdish language are prohibited. Young people are the targeted group; not to learn their language. Kurdish is not taught in the schooling system be it in private or public systems. It is also illegal to use any other language apart from Turkish in the administration sector or in political rallies. The Kurdish has traditional celebrations of Kurdish Newroz Springs in the months of March and May. In the recent years, there has been a clash with security forces. The security forces have been condemned for using their force to ruin the celebrations of the Kurds. This is a clear portrayal that the right to embrace their culture has been severely squeezed from all directions (Jaroslawki, 2008). The Kurds have no freedom of expression. The defenders of their rights have been through trying times in the attempt to express their opinions. Jaroslawki in the article, Human rights of the Kurdish community in Turkey, says that they â€Å"†¦have often been prosecuted under Article 301 of the Turkish penal Law for ‘denigrating Turkishness’ and state institutions† (Jaroslawki, 2008). There are very many prosecutions against the Kurds who peacefully express their opinions (Squidoo, 2010) Income in Turkey is not distributed fairly. Kurds in the East and South – East regions of Turkey are disadvantaged. They are languishing in poverty due to the unbalanced income. Development in the Kurdish lands is needed but the issue regarding Kurds is controlled by political determinants. The Turkish Prime Minister, Tayyip Erdogan declared an investment of 11. 7 billion euros to put up infrastructure in the Kurdish regions. This was perhaps a campaign strategy towards regional elections of 2009 and not a genuine state policy. He visited the province of Diyarbakir in 2008 and before his footsteps faded, there were riots by the Kurds and their clash with the security offices of Turkey. One would be left wondering why the Kurdish went on riots after such an ‘honored’ visit by their Prime Minister (Jaroslawski, 2008). The Kurdish people have failed to be genuinely represented in the Grand National Assembly. The poor representation is blamed on the conflicts while in the real sense it is not the cause. The DTP pro – Kurdish party with its own independent candidates managed 10% national vote requirement and obtained 23 seats of the Grand National Assembly. Currently, the party has a great public support. However, corruption, nepotism and allegation of the party’s linkage with PKK made a big portion of the Kurdish electorate convinced and they voted AKP party; currently the ruling party. The Kurds blame the Kurdish politicians for failure to undertake a legal action (Jaroslawski, 2008). How has the human rights violation been addressed by the government? Turkey is, as it says, has tried to respect the human rights of all its citizens by abolishing the death penalty as from the year 2003 (Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign affairs, nd). The reform process has ensured an admirable progress also in â€Å"inter alia, abolishing death penalty, fight against torture, reforming the prison system, freedom of expression, freedom of association and assembly, freedom of religion, functioning of the judiciary, civil-military relations, economics, social and cultural rights and anti-corruption measures† says the foreign affairs ministry in one of their objectives. Human rights education is currently offered in the school system to increase awareness to the citizens about their human rights. This will be in no exception to the Kurdish community also (Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign affairs, nd). The Turkey government has lifted the ban on use of the Kurdish language. Kurdish broadcasts have been legalized but Kurdish cultural expressions are still to be permitted (Squidoo, 2010). The Turkey government claims to protect human rights. What rights are protected if there is no freedom of association? PKK, Kurdish citizens’ voice was founded in 1980 to help overcome the people’s oppression. The Turkish government called the organization a terrorist group for the group’s fight against violations of the human rights (Kayserian, 2010). Human Rights Policy of Turkey One of the major objectives of the Turkey government is to promote and protect human rights. It is for this reason that there has been reform processes currently. The aims of the reforms are to give strength to democracy and ensuring that the rights and freedoms such as the human rights are respected. What right is respected when Turkey deprive some of its citizens of their human rights? Are these reforms meant to cover a specific group of people and not for all? (Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign affairs, nd). According to the human rights policies, it is the work of the Human Rights Boards to carry out investigations on human rights’ abuses and thereafter report to the relevant authorities for a legal action. There is also a parliamentary Human Rights Inquiry Commission that monitors human rights issues especially in prisons and detention centers (Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign affairs, nd).